Share this page!

Enter URL or ID to Unroll

You can paste full URL like: https://x.com/threadreaderapp/status/1644127596119195649
or just the ID like: 1644127596119195649

How to get URL link on X (Twitter) App

  1. On the Twitter thread, click on or icon on the bottom
  2. Click again on or Share Via icon
  3. Click on Copy Link to Tweet
  4. Paste it above and click "Unroll Thread"!
  5. More info at Twitter Help
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
@vipintukur
Jun 4, 2021 • 6 tweets • 5 min read • Read on X
Scrolly
How did #India fare? The graphic tells the whole story:
➡️Brutal onslaught by #B16172: having the highest transmissibility & most immune evader of all VOCs with higher virulence?
➡️No support from Vaccination (negligible coverage & high breakthrough, but reinfections rare) 1/
➡️ Social mitigation measures worked! Or the virus ran out of steam? Or still too early to conclude?
➡️ India struggled (significant mortality/health infrastructure collapsed) but survived!! 2/
New study on immune escape potential of #B16172 in comparison to #B1351 w/ #BNT162b2 vaccine: More immune evader than even B1351 VOC! Significant loss of antibody neutralisation vs live B16172 (-5.8x, akin to B.1.351) @TheLancet 3/
thelancet.com/journals/lance…
Increased age & time since 2nd dose correlated with reduced virus neutralisation across all strains. Not unusual, but given low starting titres vs #B16172, more of a concern to see neutralisation “dropping off”, significantly. Boosters may be needed!! 4/
…………starting from a lower titre (#B16172) means small changes in NAbs titre now likely to have larger effect on vaccine efficacy! 5/
More on immune escape with #B16172 & other VOCs by @DavidLVBauer 👇 6/

• • •

Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to force a refresh
　

Keep Current with Vipin M. Vashishtha

Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture

Stay in touch and get notified when new unrolls are available from this author!

Read all threads

This Thread may be Removed Anytime!

PDF

Twitter may remove this content at anytime! Save it as PDF for later use!

Try unrolling a thread yourself!

how to unroll video
  1. Follow @ThreadReaderApp to mention us!

  2. From a Twitter thread mention us with a keyword "unroll"
@threadreaderapp unroll

Practice here first or read more on our help page!

More from @vipintukur

Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Feb 16
New systematic review finds that COVID-19 can be followed by serious liver and bile-duct diseases.

➡️ Some patients developed conditions like hepatitis, cholangitis, and gallbladder inflammation after infection.

➡️ The review analyzed 23 studies and found a wide range of post-COVID liver problems, including:

• Acute hepatitis
• Cholestasis
• Autoimmune liver disease
• Gallbladder disorders. 1/Image
The most common serious complication was post-COVID bile-duct disease (cholangitis or cholangiopathy).

➡️ In some studies, COVID patients were about twice as likely to develop cholangitis compared with controls. 2/ Image
Many affected patients had severe COVID-19, and outcomes could be serious:

• Some developed major complications
• Some required liver transplantation
• Deaths were reported in severe cases

➡️ Possible reasons for liver and bile-duct injury after COVID-19 include:

• Direct viral damage
• Inflammation and immune effects
• Low oxygen levels in severe illness
• Blood-clot–related injury. 3/Image
Read 4 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Feb 10
🔥 New research shows that sleep disturbance directly harms intestinal stem cells.

➡️ Acute sleep deprivation impaired stem-cell function in the gut, disrupting normal tissue renewal.

👉 Mechanism uncovered:

➡️ Sleep loss triggered aberrant vagus-nerve signaling from brain to gut, leading to intestinal stem-cell dysfunction.

➡️ This disrupted the gut’s ability to repair itself. 1/Image
Key cellular changes after sleep deprivation:

• Shortened crypt-villus architecture
• Loss of Paneth cells
• Impaired intestinal stem-cell activity

All critical for maintaining gut health. 2/ Image
👉 Important implication:

➡️ Sleep disorders may contribute to chronic gastrointestinal diseases by altering brain-to-gut neural signaling and stem-cell function.

⚠️ Sleep is not just rest—it is essential for tissue regeneration. 3/ Image
Read 5 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Feb 6
New study suggests #LongCOVID may involve disrupted cortisol rhythms, not just inflammation.

Patients showed:
• Reduced morning cortisol
• Elevated evening levels
• Flattened daily cortisol cycle

➡️ Indicating hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction. 1/ Image
Prospective study of post-COVID patients:

➡️ Compared with healthy controls,
✔ Long COVID patients had blunted morning cortisol peaks
✔ Higher evening cortisol
✔ Loss of normal circadian pattern

Blood cortisol alone failed to detect these changes. 2/ Image
Key insight:

➡️ Salivary cortisol profiling may be a more sensitive marker of stress-system dysfunction in LongCOVID than standard blood tests.

➡️ HPA axis disruption could underlie:
• Fatigue
• Brain fog
• Sleep disturbance
• Dysautonomia. 3/ Image
Read 5 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Feb 5
Brain Fog after COVID-19: What’s driving it?

➡️ New review highlights that persistent cognitive symptoms in COVID survivors are strongly linked to pro-inflammatory cytokines and blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction.

➡️ Key culprits include IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-13 and MCP-1 — many remain elevated months after infection.

🔥 COVID-19 is not just a respiratory disease.

➡️ Evidence suggests cognitive impairment can occur due to:

• Systemic inflammation
• Neuroinflammation
• Microvascular injury
• Persistent immune activation
• BBB disruption

➡️ These mechanisms may explain prolonged attention, memory & executive dysfunction. 1/Image
Cytokine signature of cognitive impairment in #LongCOVID:

🔹 Acute phase → IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL10 rise
🔹 Post-acute → Persistent IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1
🔹 Long phase (>6 months) → IL-6, IL-13, IL-8 linked with “brain fog”

Inflammation clearly outlives the infection.

➡️ Blood–brain barrier disruption appears central in post-COVID cognitive decline.

Markers suggesting BBB injury:
• GFAP
• Neurofilament light chain
• MMP-9
• S100β

➡️ BBB leakage may persist in patients with cognitive symptoms even >1 year. 2/Image
Blood–brain barrier disruption appears central in post-COVID cognitive decline.

➡️ Markers suggesting BBB injury:
• GFAP
• Neurofilament light chain
• MMP-9
• S100β

➡️ BBB leakage may persist in patients with cognitive symptoms even >1 year.

Post-COVID cognitive deficits often affect:

✔ Attention
✔ Working memory
✔ Executive function
✔ Processing speed

➡️ Deficits may start as inflammatory-driven dysfunction but can evolve into persistent neuronal/glial injury.

Early cognitive rehabilitation may be crucial. 3/Image
Read 4 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Jan 24
Post-COVID fatigue isn’t just subjective.
Using advanced MRI, researchers found real changes in brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism in people with Post-COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) after mild infection.

➡️ Key finding:

PCS patients showed increased oxygen metabolism in the hippocampus (memory hub) but reduced metabolism in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) — despite no visible brain atrophy. 1/Image
Why this matters:

➡️ Higher hippocampal metabolism was linked to better cognitive performance, suggesting a compensatory response to maintain thinking and memory in PCS. 2/ Image
In contrast, lower anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) metabolism correlated with:

• depressive symptoms
• reduced motivation
• higher inflammatory & glial markers (TNF-α, GFAP)
➡️ pointing to immune-driven neurovascular uncoupling. 3/ Image
Image
Read 4 tweets
Vipin M. Vashishtha Profile picture
Jan 22
Why do some people feel exhausted long after COVID-19?

➡️ New brain-imaging research shows that even after mild COVID, people with persistent fatigue can have subtle but real changes in brain structure.

➡️ These changes are not large or widespread, but tend to appear in connected brain networks, especially areas involved in attention, decision-making, and sensory processing. 1/Image
Image
Importantly, the brain regions affected overlap with areas that naturally express TMPRSS2, a protein that helps SARS-CoV-2 enter cells — suggesting certain brain circuits may be more vulnerable to the virus. 2/ Image
The study also links these changes to brain chemical systems involved in mood, energy, and cognition (serotonin, acetylcholine, glutamate, and cannabinoids). 3/ Image
Read 4 tweets

Did Thread Reader help you today?

Support us! We are indie developers!

This site is made by just two indie developers on a laptop doing marketing, support and development! Read more about the story.

Become a Premium Member ($3/month or $30/year) and get exclusive features!

Become Premium

Don't want to be a Premium member but still want to support us?

Make a small donation by buying us coffee ($5) or help with server cost ($10)

Donate via Paypal

Or Donate anonymously using crypto!

Ethereum

0xfe58350B80634f60Fa6Dc149a72b4DFbc17D341E copy

Bitcoin

3ATGMxNzCUFzxpMCHL5sWSt4DVtS8UqXpi copy

Thank you for your support!

Follow Us!

Send Email!

:(