The story of how @Altris_ab came to be and my involvement in PBA research is also a nice one. It was really a combination of the right people meeting at the right time and at the right place.
It began with Ronnie Mogensen, who was working on polymer electrolytes at the time and just needed a reliable positive electrode that was easy to make. He tried NaFePO4 which didn't always function. Then he turned to NaxFe[Fe(CN)6]. This always worked to a reasonable degree
He then stumbled upon a paper where the group of John Goodenough (Nobel laureate in chemistry for Li-ion #batteries) made rhombohedral Prussian white. pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja…
What is Prussian white? Specifically, when the sodium content in NaxFe[Fe(CN)6] reaches a maximum with few structural defects, the material adopts a white colour rather than its famous blue.
It also has very impressive electrochemical performance with a capacity around 160 mAhg-1 and an average voltage of 3.4 V. Needless to say, @RezaYounesi was intrigued and wanted to produce the material for his #sodium #battery research.
The problem was the synthesis, which required the use of a hydrothermal reactor with a built in stirrer. We did not have such an autoclave available so he needed an alternative approach.
It should be mentioned that until this stage, most synthesis routes to prepare PBAs for electrodes resulted in low capacities and low reversibility due to the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3- vacancies and water in the structure. So this needed to be addressed
This was around the time that I got involved in the project, purely because I happened to be in the department and eager to collaborate. However, I had some light experience working with PBAs and methods of chemically intercalating materials. So together we devised a new approach
The original idea of the synthesis was to optimise for low vacancies, high sodium content and low water in separate steps with sodium and water contents reliant on a low vacancy content. We split up the process and recreated the result from Goodenough but with simple equipment.
And here is a picture of the compound before (right) and after (left) the sodium enrichment step.
Given our success Reza suggested we should patent this, why not? Afterall, in Sweden the researchers own the idea, not the university. Of course we needed to pay for this ourselves but thanks to the generousity of @KristinaEdstrm2 we had available funding to do just that.
So we were pretty happy with managing to patent our idea. However, it was not the end as another chance encounter with Adam Dahlquist from @InnoEnergyEU pushed us in a new direction: Creating @Altris_ab
Adam introduced us to Paul Larsson to take care of the business side of things and we set to work on first creating the company and then taking on the hard work to get into the EIT InnoEnergy Highway® program, which in 2017 we succeeded in doing
This was quite unusual because when we started the application, Altris didn't even exist. But the four of us really believed in the idea. Plus, the willingness to bring in Paul and share the company was positively recieved. Afterall 1% of 1 million is better than 100% of nothing
Now the real work began. Scaling up production. Here we hired Dr Tim Nordh as our first ever employee and began to scale up the synthesis within the @StructuralChem1 labs.
We also started collaborating with a local company LiFeSiZE to produce prototype #batteries.
These were extremely challenging years as we were finding our feet as a company, looking for financing, trying to get things right with scaling up the synthesis AND building prototype cells for the first time. Many road blocks were encountered.
But we persevered! And very soon out grew the university as we were ready for the next step. Adam Dahlquist joined the company in 2019 and began pushing expansion. We obtained a site for a small pilot factory and then built the place ourselves (or Tim and Ronnie did).
Here is a photo of the team as it was at this stage. It is one of my favourites :)
We had a new challenge to achieve now. Cell producer partners wanted our Prussian white (which we trademarked as "Fennac" and they wanted a lot (or a lot by our standards). 50 kg by 2020 which was 50 times more than we had ever produced before.
Of course, then Corona hit. But this didn't slow us down. Altris had won funding from @vinnovase and @Energi_mynd and came out over subscribed in the seed round of investments.
Since then, things have been ever accelerating and now @Altris_ab is working with cell producers in China, India and Europe to bring Fennac based batteries to market.

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More from @RealSci_Nano

23 Jun
So how about Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) in batteries? In addition to @Altris_ab there are a number of other companies developing this class of compounds for energy storage applications. What makes them so attractive?
PBAs are commonly used as the positive electrode in beyond Li-ion batteries (sodium, potassium). They have an open structure leading to fast cation insertion. Additionally, due to the strong bonding of the cyanide ligand transition metals like iron have a decent voltage output.
Indeed, the performance metrics of PBAs, in particular the iron-based Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6], are quite similar to those of LiFePO4 (LFP). However, PBAs have the additional advantage of a simple and low cost synthesis making them very interesting to develop cheap sustainable batteries
Read 5 tweets
23 Jun
Now to talk about Prussian blue analogues! To begin I have to tell the story behind them because it is one of my favourite pieces of chemical history. It is a tale of alchemists, theologians, famous paintings and about 200 years of wondering what Prussian blue was.
It all began in Berlin in 1704 with an enterprising dye maker by the name of Heinrich Diesbach. He was most interested in producing a red dye by the name of Cochineal red lake. The ingredients were iron sulphate, potash and crushed up beetles #alchemy
But Diesbach was running low on potash. Enter the scene one Johann Conrad Dippel. Master theologian, physician, alchemist. Dippel was captured by the allure of alchemy and like any good alchemist began his attempts at transmuting gold.
Read 13 tweets
23 Jun
After our initial work on Li2MnO3, we discovered that there was a debate in the literature for a related compound. The more promising Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2. It is the Li and Mn rich analogue to the Li[NiMnCo]O2 oxides used in commercial batteries.
What was this debate? It was whether the material existed as a solid solution or if it was an intergrowth or mix of Li2MnO3 and Li[NiMnCo]O2. Ie, if the composition crystallised as one or two phases. Here is an excerpt highlighting the debate pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm…
And here is what the two proposed models are. In the multi-phase model the hexagonal ordering occurs exclusively for Li and Mn whereas in the single phase Li in the transition metal layer can also have Ni and Co as nearest neighbours.
Read 10 tweets
22 Jun
We just got back from a group lunch/farewell to @ashok_menon12. I will use this opportunity to talk a little bit about what Ashok has done during his PhD. Ashok has worked with what is known as Li and Mn-rich layered oxides.
The Li and Mn rich oxide materials are interesting as they have the potential to store a lot more energy compared to regular battery cathodes. Image
The reason is due to the excess lithium which sits in the transition metal layer. The presence of Li in this layer creates local Li-O-Li bonding environments allowing of anionic redox due to unhybridised O orbitals. Below I show the regular LiCoO2 (yellow) and Li2MnO3 (purple). ImageImage
Read 8 tweets
22 Jun
Ok lets take a look through the @StructuralChem1 lab! Development of new technologies begins with synthesis of new materials. This synthesis is carried out in many of the fumehoods that we have available ImageImageImage
For synthesis of many ceramic materials we share a number of high temperature furnaces with other groups. Including tube furnaces for synthesis under various inert or reactive gases. ImageImageImage
Additionally, a lot of synthetic work takes place inside our gloveboxes which are filled with Argon. Many chemicals we use for battery research (like Li metal) are air or moisture sensitive and so well maintained gloveboxes are a must! ImageImage
Read 12 tweets
22 Jun
But first, I think it is good to generally introduce what a Li or Na-ion #battery is built up from. While I am not an electrochemist by any stretch, I do work a lot with batteries and will mention them often.
A battery is comprised of four key components. Two electrodes connected to an external circuit: a positive (high potential) and a negative (lower potential) electrode. These are electrically isolated from each other by a separator soaked in electrolyte allowing ions to pass. Image
The electrons pass via an external circuit where they perform work during battery use. Both the positive and negative electrode materials need to accept both electrons and ions (such as Li+) reversibly. Designing materials which can do this is quite challenging.
Read 7 tweets

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