Understanding Colonialism as an educational project;
What education essentially does? It modifies one's experience(s) by introducing certain frameworks for description.
These frameworks either form new experiences or introduce modifications in such a way that the earlier experiences are no longer accessible to the subject that is experiencing.
The early experience of a child, as shaped by his immediate environment, is no longer accessible.
In a way similar to the educational process, colonialism comes between the colonized and his experience of the world.
However, what distinguishes education from colonialism is the nature of the framework that intervenes between experience and its articulation.
In the educational process, the framework is justified and justifiable on cognitive grounds alone.
But colonialism, through the use of force, violence, and deceit, prevents the colonized from accessing their own experience of the world.
Colonial consciousness, once imbibed, actively filters and articulates the experiences of the world.
This then generates a set of psychological attitudes and feelings (Memmi, 2003); the feeling of shame about their own culture; the conviction that they are backward, etc.
Soon the colonial consciousness takes an appearance of a ‘scientific’ theory, adorned with plausible-looking ‘explanations’ surrounded by the fact of colonization itself.
~ Reconceptualizing India Studies, SN Balagangadhara, Oxford University Press
Much of Indological work can be categorized as such;
First, let your presuppositions direct the framing of a description & then collect the data to confirm them.
This is what logicians call petitio principii; the fallacy of assuming the truth of what one wants to prove.
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There is a strange idea prevalent that by merely teaching the dogmas of religion children can be made pious and moral. This is an error. [1/5]
This kind of practice either leads to mechanical acceptance of a creed having no effect on the inner and little on the outer life, or it creates the fanatic, the pietist, the ritualist, or the unctuous hypocrite. Religion has to be lived, not learned as a creed. [⅖]
The singular compromise made in the National Education of Bengal, making the teaching of religious beliefs compulsory, but forbidding the practice of anuṣṭhāna or religious exercises, is a sample of the ignorant confusion which distracts men’s minds on this subject.[⅗]
It was Hemendramohan Bose who pioneered conceptually sophisticated, culturally aware, and aesthetically appealing advertising long before a real consumer society had come into being in India.
Unlike other contemporary brands, Hemendramohan Bose's advertisement campaigns used to have human figures that were mostly Indian, especially women with long & luxuriant hair or ‘real’ people like Surendranath Banerjee and Lala Lajpat Rai or Rabindranath Tagore.
Where Bose truly left his mark, however, was in dreaming up the Kuntalin Prize, which was the first example of ‘product placement’ in India.
For Kuntalin Prize, entrants were invited to send in short stories which were judged by an expert and published in an annual volume.
While the Kolkata of the early 20th century didn't have a fully developed capitalist system, it did have many "Small Masters"; capitalists who took part ‘directly in the process of production', & were ‘a hybrid between capitalist and laborer'.
A government investigation of the industrial situation in 1908 found that "there were some commendable indigenous efforts to set up industries run by the small capitalist or by small syndicates.”
J.G. Cumming, the author of the report, considered the Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works, established by the chemist Prafullachandra Ray and specializing in producing drugs from indigenous sources, to be exemplary in its "resourcefulness and business capacity”.
How brilliantly Sri Aurobindo, using Indic terms, makes the case for a new education.
First, he recognizes the problem. India faces a great deficiency of knowledge, which is the result of an education meager in quantity and absolutely vicious in method and quality. [1/12]
He argues that education in its current form may create the accurate and careful scholar, the sober critic, the rationalist and cautious politician, the conservative scientist, that great mass of human intelligence which makes for slow and careful progress. [2/12]
It does not create the hero and the originator, the inspired prophet, the mighty builder, the maker of nations; it does not conquer nature and destiny, lay its hand on the future, command the world. [3/12]
In any task of creation, there is the presence of five elements; Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Ether. These elements are represented (symbolically) by Student, Teacher, Knowledge, Language, and Environment in education.
Every student, like a piece of clay (earth), has his own intrinsic quality (svabhava). Some are malleable, but some are stiff. Yet every piece of clay comes with immense possibilities. One has to act according to the temperament of that piece of clay to make it grow/flourish.
Then comes the water, represented symbolically by the teacher here, who pours himself into the earth, nourishing it, making it soften, and helping it mold itself the way it wants. The quality and the quantity of water need to vary according to the nature of the clay.
Nowhere the inconsistencies and contradictions of colonial policies are more evident than in the educational policies. While initially, the colonial officials showed hesitation in investing in education, soon they realized that education could become a tool to legitimize power.
While the colonial educational policies were meant to create a mimicry- complete assimilation of the local population to the culture of their colonial masters in dress, behavior, language, and ways of thinking, they were challenged by nationalist institutions of that time.
Ashis Nandy argues how even these nationalist institutions were later captured by ruling elites who used them for their political and ideological interests. Even in the post-colonial polity, it was the 'colonial consensus' that defined the workings of educational institutions.