1/ @ginnybraun & I have written a lot about TA since our first paper Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology in 2006. Here's a thread of things we have written since then, starting with a paper on what constitutes quality practice in TA & 10 common problems: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
2/ Unsure if TA is the right method for your project? And when & why you'd use TA & not IPA, or qualitative content analysis or grounded theory or discourse analysis... then this paper is for you (free to read online right now): onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.10…
3/ One of the hallmarks of TA is its flexibility but this also means there are a lot of decisions to be made about the conceptualisation & design of your project. Our most recent paper - a beast! - walks you through these decisions & has tips on reporting: psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi…
4/ "Sample" size in qualitative research & thematic analysis is all about saturation right? Nope. And also no. This paper explains why saturation isn't meaningful or workable in reflexive TA: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
5/ This paper is a reflection on why we decided to start calling our approach reflexive thematic analysis to distinguish it from other - very different both conceptually and procedurally - approaches to TA: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
6/ Some more papers in a reflective mode - we've published various interview pieces reflecting on TA, how our thinking has changed, common misconceptions & assumptions we failed to articulate. Here's an interview with @drnikkihayfield: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
7/ Another interview with narrative therapist Kristina Lainson about the possibilities reflexive thematic analysis offers more critical, socially embedded approaches to research: dulwichcentre.com.au/product/being-…
9/ A response to a paper by Fugard & Potts in which they outline a statistical model for determining "sample" size in TA - we argue that it's premised on a conceptualisation of themes ("diamonds in the sand") that doesn't work for all forms of TA: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
10/ OK back from morning coffee! This is a short commentary on common problems in published TA - in a psychotherapy journal but relevant beyond this. A short, snappy read - great for teaching (we basically wrote it for my counselling res methods teaching): onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.100…
11/ If you're working in more critical traditions - an account of why we think thematic analysis can be a useful method for critical psychology & other critical qualitative work: link.springer.com/referenceworke…
12/ Moving onto the many chapters we have written - because we're idiots we work hard to make every chapter somewhat unique - this is the first chapter we ever wrote (2nd ed coming soon) with a worked example of an interview study on gay uni students: researchgate.net/publication/26…
13/ If you're in counselling/psychotherapy - a hopefully very accessible account (written for readers with no background in research) with a worked eg from an interview study about lived experience of anorexia, and it has cartoons!: uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/the-…
14/ Now in 3rd edition (we're in the 2nd ed too) a chapter in @AdrianCoyle5 & Evanthia Lyons' fab Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology - the first publication in which we outlined the new names for the six phases of reflexive TA: uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/anal…
15/ I must also mention @GarethRTerry's fab chapter in this book on doing thematic analysis (our chapter is a "how to") & the eg of a published TA with thoughtful reflexive commentary from authors @GarethRTerry@ginnybraun Shanuki Jayamaha & Helen Madden on wo's body hair removal
17/ When I said we've written a lot of chapters I meant it! Here's a chapter with @drnikkihayfield in the third ed of Jonathan Smith's Qualitative Psychology: uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/qual…
18/ For those of you in sports & exercise research a chapter in the always brilliant @BrettSmithProf & Andrew Sparkes' Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise (take a dive into their methodological scholarship - they are so good!): routledge.com/Routledge-Hand…
19/ One of our more recent chapters with @GarethRTerry and @drnikkihayfield in which we discuss our typology of TA methods - coding reliability, codebook & reflexive - & different conceptualisations of "themes" within the TA family of methods: link.springer.com/referenceworke…
20/ Finally on the chapter front - unless I have forgotten something (very likely!) - a chapter for health and clinical researchers with @GarethRTerry in @DrPoulRohleder & Antonia Lyons' Qualitative Research in Clinical and Health Psychology: macmillanihe.com/page/detail/Qu…
21/ We've also written an introductory textbook on qualitative research, which includes a detailed discussion of TA & the extensive companion website includes datasets for teaching TA & other methods as well as loads of other teaching resources: uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/succ…
22/ A short paper in The Psychologist on teaching thematic analysis with some tips for teaching TA effectively & how to navigate some of the challenges of teaching TA & qually research to students who are new to the messy, complex world of qual research: thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-26/edit…
23/ We haven't stopped at articles, chapters etc - we also have a Uni of Auckland website that looks tiny but is packed full of resources. It's long overdue an upgrade & we're working on a new site that will appear later this year (it will, it will!): psych.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/thema…
24/ We've also recorded two public lectures for your viewing pleasure on YouTube - the one which is both me & @ginnybraun - provides a basic intro to our approach:
25/ This one - just me - maps out different approaches to #thematicanalysis & differences in conceptualisations of themes, coding practices, underlying philosophy across different approaches - it's so crucial for good practice to understand this diversity:
26/ I'm not done yet! We've also written lots of short, snappy "what is" and "how to" pieces - guest editorials, encyclopedia entries, commentaries etc - which are great for teaching. Here's a commentary in the Journal of Positive Psychology: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
27/ An entry on TA in the Springer Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-being Research edited by Alex Michalos: springer.com/gp/book/978940…
28/ An editorial in the International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Wellbeing: tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.34…
29/ An entry on TA in Research Methods in the Social Sciences edited by Jean-Frederic Morin, Christ Olsson & Ece Ozlem Atikcan- global.oup.com/ukhe/product/r…
30/ If you've made it this far 😀 Looking forward to October - the culmination of all this thinking & writing about thematic analysis is our new book (you can preorder now) Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide - the definitive account of reflexive TA: uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/them…
31/ The book will have a companion website with loads of resources for teaching - PowerPoint slides with exercises for UG & PG teaching, data sets, activities for more advanced/in depth teaching... The key message of this thread is we didn't stop here: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.119…
32/ We've been thinking & writing about TA, & developing our approach & understanding of the TA family, ever since - to just read/cite our 2006 paper treats what we wrote 15 years ago as definitive & static rather than something that's part of an ongoing dialogue & exploration.
33/ Finally how can you get hold of papers etc if you don't have library access? There are open access versions of some things listed here in the University of the West of England (UWE) repository: uwe-repository.worktribe.com/person/696829/…
34/ You can request from me on ResearchGate (don't ask Ginny she's not active on ResearchGate) - just don't ask for things with the subheading FULL TEXT NOT AVAILABLE PLEASE DON'T REQUEST (and yet so many do!): researchgate.net/profile/Victor…
35/ Finally a plea - please *don't* email us to ask for papers - we get loads of queries over email & there's a limit to what we can do - we both have majorly life limiting chronic health conditions & we try to offer support to others in ways that fit with our capacities.
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1/ A thread on why I think collecting demographic data is important in qualitative research (& research more broadly) & a request for your thoughts on this. Am I alone in thinking this is important? I seem to be... based on experiences of ethics scrutiny this yr #AcademicChatter
2/ I get the sense that some researchers - esp those researching students - implicitly imagine their potential participants as the "usual suspects" (white, straight, nondisabled, middle class etc)... I've scrutinised several studies where disability (cog fog etc) would confound
3/ the quant results but no exclusion criteria & no demographics - I don't get it?! I've been told by white male students more than once that if for eg race/ethnicity aren't relevant to the research question there is no need to collect demog data on ethnicity. But as a white
1/ A thread with some tips on writing qualitative research dissertations - esp those using thematic analysis - including common problems to avoid (prompted by marking student projects). First tip - as @ginnybraun & I always say check local requirements! Broadly speaking, there
2/ are two styles of qual research reporting: 1) "add qual and stir" - default quant conventions slightly tweaked for qual: finding & filling the "gap" introduction & rationale, methodological critique of existing studies, separate "results" & discussion... 2) qual centric. The
3/ latter is far less well understood & recognised - I've had reviewers/editors insist on me reworking qual centric reports into something more conventional, examiners do the same to my students. So check what is required in your context. If a marker/examiner doesn't "get it"
1/ To all those advocating saturation as *the* criterion for determining qual "sample" size (instead of Gender & Society's positivist qual 35 int minimum) please note that saturation has been critiqued for bloody decades as realist/positivist & not working for all qual. Here's
3/ Here's me & @ginnybraun critiquing the use of saturation as information redundancy in thematic analysis research - arguing that saturation only makes sense in positivist/realist forms of TA. For our reflexive approach it simply doesn't work: tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108…
1/ A thread providing an overview of my & @ginnybraun's latest paper on #thematicanalysis - Conceptual & Design Thinking for Thematic Analysis in the APA journal Qualitative Psychology - I will link to an open access version at the end of the thread: psycnet.apa.org/record/2021-45…
2/ Why this paper? Because TA is closer to a method (trans theoretical technique) rather than a methodology (theoretically informed & delimited framework for research) researchers need to engage in careful conceptual & design thinking to produce coherent research.
3/ What Levitt et al. (2017) call research with "methodological integrity". Some argue TA is actually a challenging option because it necessitates conceptual & design thinking - we like to see this more positively as TA making visible the thinking necessary for quality research.
1/ A thread on qual interviewing. I've been talking to students this week about to embark on their first interview so I thought I would share my tips here for anyone about to do the same! Feeling nervous/anxious about doing your first interview is normal! I am very shy/socially
2/ anxious & I take comfort in the fact an interview is a structured social encounter - you have a role to play, so does the interviewee. You will hit your stride - for most around interview 3/4. A practice run with a friend or family member can really help boost your confidence!
3/ If you have the opportunity to watch a research interview take it! There's no better way to learn. My PhD supervisors also encouraged their students to participate in research & that was so helpful to get a feel for an interview from the "inside". There are loads of different
Following my tweet yesterday on the new edition of Analysing Qualitative Data in Psychology - if you're not familiar with this book here's why it's awesome - it covers 5 qual approaches - TA, IPA, grounded theory, discourse & narrative analysis. For each there is a "how to" guide
written by "experts" (e.g. me & @ginnybraun for TA, @BrettSmithProf for narrative analysis), then a doing chapter often written by a grad student/ECR applying the approach to an interview dataset - which is reproduced in the book, with further interviews on the companion website
So for the doing TA chapter @GarethRTerry shares his experience of using TA to analyse 2 interviews with ex-soldiers about their experiences of leaving the army. He starts with answering the 'many questions' of TA & reflecting on his assumptions before diving into the six phases.