What you see is a painted impression of the physical circumstances of an European artist in the early nineteenth century. Among other details and objects, a lot of paper is present. Let's have a a closer look, #paperhistory and #bookhistory. A thread.
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The painting is titled Léon Pallière (1787–1820) in His Room at the Villa Medici, Rome, and was painted in 1817 on oil. The artist: the French Jean Alaux.
Here is a link to more details: metmuseum.org/art/collection…
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The writing place. A place of various paper usages: a letter on the table, a few bound books, folders filled with loose paper sheets, unbound books, a few sheets of paper in-between. Also: an ink pot, and a writing quill. #paperhistory
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At the wall: a few prints. Printed images produced using usually a carved woodblock or an engraved copperplate. These popular prints of the time, available from peddlers and book sellers alike, were produced and sold around 1800 in Europe in their millions. #bookhistory
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As this painting was intended to show an artist in 1817 working in Italy, these two paper objects on the wall need more attention. What you see is a map, a bestselling item of the period, and the smaller one is another bestseller: a devotional print. Holy Mary and Baby Jesus. 5/x
So makes in 1817 a map of Europe and a devotional print at an Italian wall so special? Well, did I mention that around 1800 Italian bookselling and printselling networks flooded Europe with millions of decorative and devotional prints like these two? #bookhistory
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The leisure corner, made for reading near the bed. Interesting detail: two bound books, likely novels, and a few fresh quires of paper sheets waiting to be used. Here, newly produced paper sheets, likely in the trade units of the time, were waiting for action. #paperhistory
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A closer look at the paper sheets: Around 1800 most paper amounts were still calculated in trade units around quantity, i.e. describing the number of sheets. So these are packages of 24/25 sheets - called in Dutch 24 a "boek", in German ein "Buch", in English “a quire”.
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At the wall: more decorative prints, not glued to the walls, but pinned. I hope you enjoyed this paper thread.
There is a paper story included into this famous German painting of 1830s from Carl Spitzweg. You may know the common interpretation of the Poor Poet (German: Der arme Poet): Attention to the material misery of most artists and their work!
Let's start a #paperhistory thread. 1/x
The painting came in three versions and the one remaining copy is nowadays in the Neue Pinakothek (Munich: pinakothek.de/kunst/meisterw…). Let's focus on the paper used and present in this imagined scene of a poor poet in his attic room in the 1830s. 2/x
Easy to spot in the room are a few big bound books. They may be bound in leather but they are printed upon paper, very likely before 1800. These are used books, old books, second hand books. Nota bene: The German antiquarian book trade developed in these days, #bookhistory. 3/x
A scene of paper management and usages: an European early modern tax office was full of papers. Fresh paper sheets, old paper sheets, printed papers, handwritten papers, waste papers, etc. Let's have a deeper look, #paperhistory. A next thread, 1/x
Managing information became a paper business in Early Modern Europe. The expanding administration practices made secretaries, lawyer's offices, tax offices, etc. And they ran on paper, had to store paper, and deal with paper. It was a paper world.
So much paper in this 1665 painting from Cornelis N. Gijsbrechts. You see an open cupboard door, as art history labelled the image, but what you also see: prints, letters, a broadside, an almanac, stored unused paper sheets. Early Modern Europe was a paper age. A
thread, part 1.
This painting of late seventeenth century echoes the availability and usages of paper in Europe. By at least the fifteenth century, paper was increasingly used in more and more individual and public contexts. Have a look: brill.com/view/book/edco…
Part 2 of the thread.
Let's start with the letters. Writing letters, corresponding, was a thing in Europe. Managing your business or scholarly world, wrestling with administrative work, news transmission, and much more, all this was a paper using practice. You see folded and opened letters. Part 3.
Early Modern Europe was a paper age - a first period of paper usages. Especially managing information became a paper business as the painting "The Lawyer's Office" (1628) from Pieter de Bloot @rijksmuseumt1p.de/1awb highlights. A meta thread for #paperhistory. 1/x
As I have highlighted in earlier threads like this one (
), paper was from the fourteenth century onwards increasingly being used for more and more communication flows. Hello inky paper states and letter writing humans, here comes the printing industry.
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The artifact paper became more and more present in Europe, for example in schools as I have shed light on here:
The Notary is a painting of mid-sixteenth century by Marinus van Reymerswaele. What we see is secretary work with paper: record keeping practices, writing, folding, storing.
A thread for #paperhistory and #bookhistory.
Notaries needed offices in early modern Europe, because they provided paper businesses: they used papers as a general service. In fact, producing evidence in a lawsauit is a paper practice. First things first: writing on paper on a regular basis is the main office work.
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Let's focus on what writing was: a paper using literate practice that required - apart from paper - some more special materials, most importantly ink, an inkhorn, and a quill.
This printed image appeared as one of the 1680s media reactions to the ongoing military tensions between Christian European states and the Muslim Ottoman Empire. #mediahistory#bookhistory
Source: t1p.de/5ram
Copperplate print "Ein Kalb mit einem Türcken Kopf", 1683.
Whenever the general conflict and their military campaigns heated up in the seventeenth-century, media flows about Ottomans ("Türcken") found their way into print in Christian Europe. Broadsides and pamphlets, even a German newspaper devoted to the topic was published these days.
The depiction of an encountered Christian threat as a news-worthy (and good-selling) deformed animal or even “monster” followed in response to assumed news-buyer demand by economic-driven publishers. Early modern media coverage of relevant news events was in its core a business.