The Notary is a painting of mid-sixteenth century by Marinus van Reymerswaele. What we see is secretary work with paper: record keeping practices, writing, folding, storing.
A thread for #paperhistory and #bookhistory.
Notaries needed offices in early modern Europe, because they provided paper businesses: they used papers as a general service. In fact, producing evidence in a lawsauit is a paper practice. First things first: writing on paper on a regular basis is the main office work.
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Let's focus on what writing was: a paper using literate practice that required - apart from paper - some more special materials, most importantly ink, an inkhorn, and a quill.
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A great part of the paper usages in Europe were secretary businesses, and this business was partly a material culture of both record-keeping and writing new outgoing letters and reading incoming letters. Welcome to the continous cycle of writing and reading, and folding.
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Where to store the the paper flows of the office? Among others, lawyers and notaries stored their used papers in boxes, bags, baskets, chests, cupboards, and so on. Highlighted here is a bag full of files. @EricKetelaar has worked on this, if you fancy more details.
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What we see here is fresh paper waiting to be used. Folded sheets waiting for writing action. Purchasing paper sheets was a regular business for any secretary in Europe. No paper, no work.
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Just letters or documents stiched together to maintain order in the paper business. A needle and a thread was handy in early modern secretaries.
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These layers of paper documents need some more attention. Organizing your papers was work. Paper work.
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Here is a letter rack, that could be used for storing documents that needed more future work (and more storing decisions). Next to the rack is a bag, waiting to be filled. Also fresh paper sheets, folded, can be seen. Layers of paper waiting for more usages.
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Well, 10/9:
As @EricKetelaar commented correctly, the painting shows a lawyer and his secretary work surrounding. The title of the painting - the Notary - is wrong, but the paper practices depicted are standard early modern secretary business.
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This printed image appeared as one of the 1680s media reactions to the ongoing military tensions between Christian European states and the Muslim Ottoman Empire. #mediahistory#bookhistory
Source: t1p.de/5ram
Copperplate print "Ein Kalb mit einem Türcken Kopf", 1683.
Whenever the general conflict and their military campaigns heated up in the seventeenth-century, media flows about Ottomans ("Türcken") found their way into print in Christian Europe. Broadsides and pamphlets, even a German newspaper devoted to the topic was published these days.
The depiction of an encountered Christian threat as a news-worthy (and good-selling) deformed animal or even “monster” followed in response to assumed news-buyer demand by economic-driven publishers. Early modern media coverage of relevant news events was in its core a business.
Why do we call early modern Europe a paper age? Well, let's have a look at the hints given on this painting from early seventeenth-century by Jan Lievens. Source: t1p.de/of6z (Alte Pinakothek, München).
Let's start with this instrument, almost hidden, but important for paper usages: the quill. More precisely: the feather quill, often a goose feather prepared for writing. Nota bene: the word 'pen' derives from penna, Latin for feather. No quill, no fun at the secretary.
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Writing letters and records was not only a content managing information battle, it was a material business too. In order to use a quill you needed ink. Your pen/quill would have to be refreshed constantly with ink. This inkwell reminds us of the material conditions of writing. 3/
We will build an online reference work for the annually-published Early Modern German writing calendar, the #Schreibkalender, funded by @dfg_public and in cooperation with the "AG Digitale Forschungsdaten und Forschungsinformationen" @UniFAU.
While being a characteristic part of the contemporary media ensemble in the German-speaking areas of Europe, the #Schreibkalender was produced from its beginning in 1540 in high quantities and reached very large audiences. #bookhistory#mediahistory
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The #Schreibkalender was a paper-based material artefact resulting from complex and specialized publishing and printing processes, and also a document of handwritten interaction. Within the typical dual content of the Kalendarium (containing astronomical information and ...
Unbekannte aber geläufige Fremd- und Fachwörter in frühneuzeitlichen Zeitungen konnte man nachschlagen: in sog. Zeitungs-Lexica, in "verteutschten Avisen-Curieren". Das war Parallel-Lektüre, Horizonttraining und Wissenszugang.
Ein Mini-Thread 1/
Frühe Zeitungen seit dem 16. und 17. Jahrhundert enthielten viele Fremdwörter und Fachtermini, weil die Inhalte (Neuigkeiten, auch "Zeytungen" genannt) großteils aus "Avisen" stammten - aus brieflichen Meldungen verfasst von gebildeten Spezialisten.
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Zum Verständnis der hochtrabenden Avisen-Meldungen, aus denen die Zeitungsdrucker systematisch kopierten und abschrieben, wurden Hilfspublikationen aufgesetzt: Die Spezialisten-Worte der Avisen - "Ausländische Wörter" -wurden in "Avisen-Curieren", wie diesem von 1695, erklärt. 3/
Schools in early modern Europe were social spaces of learning and teaching, and above all, paper was present. A thread for #paperhistory and #bookhistory. What you see is an imagined schooling scene from the seventeenth century by Jan Steen.
It was not too uncommon to have paper broadsides or broadsheets glued to the walls. These printed upon paper products could be used for educational purposes too. The one in the painting seems to be carrying script, printed words. On paper.
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In the upper right corner of the room we see the usual artifacts of the so-called book industry: a bound book, an unbound book, loose paper sheets in different formats, fresh and used papers. A learned setting and everyday business of dealing with paper and knowledge.
One of my scholarly lists about early modern stuff is fighting this Christmas. So far, this is the best punch line: “You belong on Twitter, not on a scholarly list.”
Here we go, the scholarly list started with the Nazi argument.
“Would it be possible to remember that this is a list for discussion of 18th-century topics, and that it would be a courtesy to list members to pursue it elsewhere?”