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National Nuclear Security Administration - Wikipedia

The National Nuclear Security Administration was created by Congressional action in 1999, in the wake of the Wen Ho Lee spy scandal (for which Dr. Lee was exonerated and other allegations that lax en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_…

administration by the Department of Energy had resulted in the loss of U.S. nuclear secrets to China.

The first Under Secretary for Nuclear Security and NNSA administrator appointed was Air Force General (and CIA Deputy Director) John A. Gordon.

NNSA's Nuclear Propulsion

Program – working with Naval Nuclear Laboratories – is responsible for providing efficient nuclear propulsion plants to the United States Navy. It is also known as Naval Reactors.

The Office of Secure Transportation, which falls under the Office of Defense Programs, provides

safe and secure transportation of nuclear weapons and components and special nuclear materials, and conducts other missions supporting national security. OST shipments are moved in specially designed equipment and escorted by armed and specially trained federal agents.

John Alexander Gordon (August 22, 1946 – April 19, 2020) was an American air force general who served as Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He also served as the President's Homeland Security advisor from 2003 to 2004.

After retiring from public service, he

served on the Markle Foundation Task Force on National Security in the Information Age, as well as the board of advisors of VirtualAgility, Inc. (beginning in October 2005), the board of EDO Corporation (beginning in 2007), and the Board of Trustees of Analytic Services, Inc.

EDO Corporation was an American company which was acquired by ITT Corporation in 2007.

As of May 2015, these assets were now part of Harris Corporation, and since June 2019 L3Harris Technologies.

International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT) was formed in 1920, created by brokers

Colonel Sosthenes Behn and his brother Hernan Behn. The brothers had acquired the Puerto Rico Telephone Company in 1914 along with the Cuban-American Telephone and Telegraph Company and a half-interest in the Cuban Telephone Company.

Sosthenes Behn (January 30, 1884 – June 6,

1957) was an American businessman, and the founder of ITT. He held the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army.

During the war, all of ITT's German holdings were put under Nazi control. These included a minority share in airplane manufacturer Focke-Wulf, which ITT had

acquired through its contacts with German financier Kurt Baron von Schröder.

Schröder was the second son of Frederick Freiherr von Schröder, a financier, and his wife Harriet Millberg, the daughter of a prominent Hanseaten family.

Schroeder is a North German (from Schröder)

occupational name for a cloth cutter or tailor, from an agent derivative of Middle Low German schroden, schraden "to cut". The same term was occasionally used to denote a gristmiller.

Schroders' history began in 1804 when Johann Heinrich Schröder (John Henry) became a partner

in the London-based firm of his brother, Johann Friedrich (John Frederick). In 1818 J. Henry Schröder & Co. was established in London.

Frank Cyrus Tiarks Among his appointments were a directorship of the Bank of England (1912–1945); a partnership in J. Henry Schröder & Co.; a

partnership in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (1917–1948); and High Sheriff of Kent for 1927.
He served in World War I under Sir William Reginald Hall, Director of Naval Intelligence, in Room 40 Admiralty, as Lieut.-Cmdr.
Of German descent himself, like his wife, he was also

listed as a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship

Enter Winston Churchill, who had taken a new role in British politics as First Lord of the Admiralty. Britons were proud of their navy, and oil-powered vessels were the latest innovation. But while Anglo-Persian executives had

courted the Royal Navy for years as a prospective customer for its oil, the old guard at Whitehall had been hesitant to endorse coal’s upstart rival.

1914
 
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company signs a deal with the British government to supply the navy with 40 million barrels of oil

over the coming 20 years in return for £2 million and a majority shareholding.
 
Six weeks later, the First World War begins.

1917 with the war in its final throes, the Royal Navy complained that the oil from Anglo-Persian was causing engine problems in colder climates.

Anglo-Persian bought an 18th-century mansion at Sunbury-on-Thames, near London, and set up a research laboratory in the basement to address such scientific challenges.

In 1935 APOC was renamed the "Anglo-Iranian Oil Company" (AIOC) when Reza Shah Pahlavi formally asked foreign

countries to refer to Persia by its endonym Iran.

In 1954, it was renamed again to the "British Petroleum Company", one of the antecedents of the modern BP public limited company. The government of Mohammad Mosaddegh nationalized the company's local infrastructure assets and

gave the new company the name National Iranian Oil Company.

By the spring of 1953, incoming US President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorised the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to organise a coup against the Mossadeq government, the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. In August 1953, the

coup brought pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi to power as the new PM, along with the return to Iran of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from his brief exile in Italy. The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated by the CIA under the code-name Operation Ajax, and by the

British SIS (MI6) as Operation Boot.

In 1954, the AIOC became British Petroleum. The return of the shah had not meant that British Petroleum was able to monopolise Iranian oil as before.

British Petroleum reluctantly accepted membership in a consortium of companies, founded in

October 1954, to bring back Iranian oil to the international market. It was incorporated in London as a holding company called Iranian Oil Participants (IOP). The founding members of IOP included British Petroleum (40%), Gulf (later Chevron, 8%), Royal Dutch Shell (14%),

and Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total, 6%). The four Aramco partners – Standard Oil of California (SoCal, later Chevron) – Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon, then ExxonMobil) – Standard Oil Co. of New York (later Mobil, then ExxonMobil) – Texaco (later Chevron)

– each held an 8% stake in the holding company.

In Iran, IOP continued to operate until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of the company's assets in Iran.

Following the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran,

during the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Marc Rich used his special relationship with Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, to buy oil from Iran despite the American embargo. According to Forbes Magazine, Asadollah Asgaroladi was also the secret business partner of

Rich in helping bypass U.S. sanctions against Iran after the Iranian revolution. Iran would become Rich's most important supplier of crude oil for more than 15 years. Rich sold Iranian oil to Israel through a secret pipeline. Due to his good relationship with Iran and

Ayatollah Khomeini, Rich helped give Mossad's agents contacts in Iran.

Marc Rich and Pincus Green founded the commodities company Glencore.

The Qatar Investment Authority is its biggest Glencore shareholder as of 2016.

On 2 May 2013 Xsrtata was acquired by Glencore.

Glencore CEO Ivan Glasenberg has served an executive director of Xstrata Plc

(since 2002); and as a non-executive director of Minara Resources Ltd (since 2000); of Rusal Plc (since 2007); and Century Aluminum Co. (between 2010–2011).

CEFC paid almost 225 million euros ($257 million) in compensation to a consortium of Qatar Investment Authority and

Glencore (GLEN.L) after the Chinese firm's deal to buy a stake in Russian oil firm Rosneft fell through, a document showed.
The chief executive of Rosneft (ROSN.MM), Igor Sechin, said in September 2017 that CEFC had signed a deal to buy 14.2 percent of Rosneft

from Qatar and Glencore.

Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is facing a backlash after being elected chairman of the Russian state-controlled oil giant Rosneft.

Schroeder is currently the chairman of the board of Nord Stream AG and of Rosneft, after having been hired as

a global manager by investment bank Rothschild.

Rothschild's financial advisory division is known to serve British nobility, including the British Royal Family. Past chairman Sir Evelyn de Rothschild is the personal financial advisor of Queen Elizabeth II.

The first managing

director of Nord Stream AG was Matthias Warnig, former chairman of the Board of Directors of Dresdner Bank ZAO, Dresdner Bank Russian subsidiary and former member of the Stasi.

In 1974 Warnig started his career at the Stasi, the secret police of communist East Germany. Warnig

allegedly worked with KGB officer Vladimir Putin. The two men collaborated on recruiting West German citizens for the KGB. Warnig, however, has denied this by saying that they met for the first time in 1991, when Putin was the head of the Committee for External Relations of

the Saint Petersburg Mayor's Office.

After the banking crisis in 1931 the German Reich owned 66% and Deutsche Golddiskontbank owned 22% of Dresdner Bank shares. Its deputy director was Hjalmar Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism.

In 2002 Dresdner Bank became a wholly

owned subsidiary of the insurance corporation Allianz.

Allianz AG was founded in Berlin on 5 February 1890 by then-director of the Munich Reinsurance Company Carl von Thieme (a native of Erfurt, whose father was the director of the insurance company Thuringia) and Wilhelm von

Finck (co-owner of the Merck Finck & Co. Bank).

Allianz was a major supporter of the Nazi movement, Hitler's first cabinet included the head of Allianz as a cabinet member. On June 30, 1933, Kurt Schmitt, Allianz Director-General, was appointed Economics Ministers for the

Third Reich under Adolf Hitler.

Allianz previously owned Kleinwort Benson, which it inherited when it acquired Dresdner Bank.

They merged in 1961 to create Kleinwort Benson Lonsdale, later Kleinwort Benson. Following its acquisition by Société Générale in June 2016, it was

merged with SG Hambros, already a subsidiary of Société Générale, to form Kleinwort Hambros in November 2016.
SoGen bank was founded by a group of industrialists and financiers during the Second Empire, on May 4, 1864. The bank's first chairman was the prominent industrialist

Eugène Schneider, followed by Edward Charles Blount.

Joseph Eugène Schneider (29 March 1805 – 27 November 1875) was a French industrialist and politician. In 1836, he co-founded the Schneider company with his brother, Adolphe Schneider.
In 1833, his brother was appointed

managing director of Le Creuzot, and he was added as co-manager the same year. He made a powerful contribution to the prosperity of this establishment.

Kleinworts and Robert Benson, Lonsdale and Co. merged to form Kleinwort Benson Lonsdale in 1961. The merged firm acquired the

bullion dealer Sharps Pixley in 1966 thereby securing a seat on the London gold price fixing committee that met twice daily in the offices of N M Rothschild & Sons.

N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the City of London became such that by 1825, the bank was able to

supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.

Under the terms of the 1827 Slave Compensation Act, the British government raised £20 million to pay out for the loss of the slaves as business assets to the registered owners of the freed

slaves. In 1833, £20 million amounted to 40% of the Treasury's annual income or approximately 5% of British GDP at the time. To finance the payments, the British government took on a £15 million loan, finalised on 3 August 1835, with banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild and his

brother-in-law Moses Montefiore; £5 million was paid out directly in government stock, worth £1.5 billion in present day.

Montefiore was born while his parents, Joseph Elias Montefiore and his young wife Rachel, the daughter of Abraham Mocatta, a powerful bullion broker in

London, were in the town on a business journey.
In 1812, Moses Montefiore married Judith Cohen (1784–1862), daughter of Levy Barent Cohen. Her sister, Henriette (or Hannah) (1783–1850), married Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), for whom Montefiore's firm acted as stockbrokers.

Nathan Rothschild headed the family's banking business in Britain, and the two brothers-in-law became business partners. In business, he was an innovator, investing in the supply of piped gas for street lighting to European cities via the Imperial Continental Gas Association. In

1824 he was among the founding consortium of the Alliance Life Assurance Company (which later merged with Sun Insurance to form Sun Alliance).

In 1854 Montifore’s friend Judah Touro, a wealthy American Jew, died having bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in

Palestine.

Judah’s father Isaac Touro died in 1783, and his wife Reyna moved the family to Boston to live with her brother Moses Michael Hays.

In 1784, Hays became a founder and the first depositor of the Massachusetts Bank, still doing business today as part of the Bank of

America.

Hays also helped to establish the New England Masonic movement. When Hays was accepted into the Massachusetts Lodge in November 1782, he was the only Jew. (There were numerous Jewish men among founders of lodges in Charleston, South Carolina and cities in other Southern

states.)
In 1792, the lodge members elected Hays as their Grand Master, with Paul Revere as his Deputy. Hays provided financial support to beautify Boston Common, establish theaters, and endow Harvard College. Hays descendants helped found the Boston Athenæum and the

Massachusetts General Hospital, and remain prominent in Boston public life to this day.

MUMPS ("Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System"), or M, is a high performance transaction processing key–value database with integrated programming language. It was

originally developed at Massachusetts General Hospital for managing hospital laboratory information systems.

Some aspects of MUMPS can be traced from RAND Corporation's JOSS through BBN's TELCOMP and STRINGCOMP.

MUMPS was developed by Neil Pappalardo, Robert Greenes, and

Curt Marble in Dr. Octo Barnett's lab at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) in Boston during 1966 and 1967. It was later rewritten by technical leaders Dennis "Dan" Brevik and Paul Stylos of DEC in 1970 and 1971.

J.H. Whitney & Company is a venture-capital firm in the U.S.

founded in 1946 by partners John Hay Whitney and Benno Schmidt.

What is considered today to be true private equity investments began to emerge after World War II, marked by the founding of the first two venture capital firms in 1946: American Research and Development

Corporation and J.H. Whitney & Company.

American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC) was a venture capital and private equity firm founded in 1946 by Georges Doriot, Ralph Flanders, Merrill Griswold, and Karl Compton.

ARDC is credited with the first major venture

capital success story when its 1957 investment of $70,000 in equity ("70% of the company") and approximately $2 million in loans in Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) became valued at many times the amount invested after the company's success after its initial public offering in

1966.
ARDC continued investing until 1971 with the retirement of Doriot. In 1972, Doriot merged ARDC with Textron after having invested in over 150 companies.

Former employees of ARDC have gone on to found several prominent venture capital firms including Greylock Partners

(founded in 1965 by Charlie Waite and Bill Elfers) and Morgan, Holland Ventures, the predecessor of Flagship Ventures (founded in 1982 by James Morgan).

Karl Taylor Compton (September 14, 1887 – June 22, 1954) was a prominent American physicist and president of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1930 to 1948.

Karl Taylor Compton was born in Wooster, Ohio, on September 14, 1887, the eldest of three brothers (including Arthur Compton and Wilson Martindale Compton) and one sister, Mary.

Beginning in 1897, Compton's summers

were spent camping at Otsego Lake, Michigan.

In April 1941, Vannevar Bush, head of the wartime National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), created a special committee headed by Arthur Compton to report on the NDRC uranium program. Compton's report, which was submitted in May

1941, foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapons, nuclear propulsion for ships, and nuclear weapons using uranium-235 or the recently discovered plutonium.

At Bush's insistence Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 8807 on June 28, 1941, which established the

Office of Scientific Research and Development.

The S-1 Executive Committee laid the groundwork for the Manhattan Project by initiating and coordinating the early research efforts in the United States, and liaising with the Tube Alloys Project in Britain. It evolved in June 1942,

alongside the S-1 Section of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), from the Uranium Committee of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), which had itself evolved from the Advisory Committee on Uranium when the OSRD absorbed the NDRC in June 1941.

Marshall established his district headquarters on the 18th floor of 270 Broadway in New York City. He chose the name Development of Substitute Materials (DSM), but this would not stick. Colonel Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the head of the Construction Branch in the Office of the Chief

of Engineers thought it would attract undue attention. Instead, the new district was given the innocuous name of the Manhattan Engineer District, following the usual practice of naming engineer districts after the city in which their headquarters was located.

The name initially

proposed was "Laboratory for the Development of Substitute Materials". Fearing the name would draw undue attention, the project's military leader, General Leslie Groves, changed it to "Manhattan Engineer District", which was eventually shortened to Manhattan Project. Coordination

for the project moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee in 1943, but the name stuck.

Groves wrapped the Manhattan Project in security but failed to prevent the Soviet Union from conducting a successful espionage program that stole some of its most important secrets.

He went on to become

a vice-president at Sperry Rand.

Lake Success derives its name from a kettle lake of the same name which according to village lore had a Native American name of "Sucut." William K. Vanderbilt II bought land around the lake in the early 20th century for a home.

In 1939, the

United States government bought a large tract between Marcus Avenue, Lakeville Road and Union Turnpike, to be the home to the Sperry Gyroscope Company which built a variety of maritime, military, aerospace and navigation products. During World War II the plant had 22,000

employees. After the war, part of the plant became the temporary headquarters of the United Nations from 1947 to 1952, while its headquarters building in New York City was being built.

Fisher Island was separated from the barrier island which became Miami Beach in 1905, when

Government Cut was dredged across the northern end of the island.[5] Construction of Fisher Island began in 1919 when Carl G. Fisher, a land developer, purchased the property from businessman and real estate developer Dana A. Dorsey, southern Florida's first African-American

millionaire. In 1925 William Kissam Vanderbilt II traded a luxury yacht to Fisher for ownership of the island.
After Vanderbilt's death in 1944, ownership of the island passed to U.S. Steel heir Edward Moore. Moore died in the early 1950s, and Gar Wood, the millionaire inventor

of hydraulic construction equipment, bought it. Wood, a speedboat enthusiast, kept the island a one-family retreat.

In 1963, Wood sold to a development group that included local Key Biscayne millionaire Bebe Rebozo, Miami native and United States Senator George Smathers and

then former U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon, who had promised to leave politics. During his subsequent presidency from 1968–1973, and during the Watergate scandal, Nixon maintained a home on nearby Key Biscayne known as the "Key Biscayne Whitehouse" that was the former

residence of Senator Smathers and next door to Rebozo, but none of the three ever resided on Fisher Island.
The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) of the University of Miami.
Meyer Lansky used blackmail to gain influence with politicians, policemen and

judges. One such stage for the acquisition of blackmail materials were orgies held by late attorney and Lansky protégé Roy Cohn and liquor magnate Lewis Rosenstiel, who had lasting ties with the Mafia from his bootleg operations during Prohibition.