Black Males, Trauma, and Mental Health Service Use: A Systematic Review
"Trauma has been identified as a major public health and medical issue, and Black males ages 18 and older are at a noticeably high risk for trauma exposure." 🧵 1/8
"Studies examining trauma exposure among community samples of Black males show that approximately 62% have directly experienced a traumatic event in their lifetime, 72% witnessed a traumatic event, and 59% have learned of a traumatic event involving a friend or family member."
"Empirical research has documented an association between trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and violence perpetration."
"Black males are [] half as likely as their White counterparts to use professional mental health services"
"Despite the potential need for mental health services, findings from this review suggest that 56-74% of Black males exposed to traumatic events may have an unmet need for mental health services."
"Black males with low incomes and no college education were significantly less likely to use mental health services, whereas, disability and psychiatric symptom severity were significantly associated with service use."
"..when Black men do seek treatment, clinicians in mental health treatment programs regularly overlook their trauma exposure because of a lack of competency in addressing the effects of trauma and their concern for addressing other presenting problems that are more persistent."
"Black males age 18 and older have the highest age adjusted all-cause mortality rate and perhaps the worst health status of any ethnic-sex group in the United States. Exposure to trauma, whether through witnessing or direct victimization, is often a daily reality for many [Bm]."
"...it will take a collective effort from researchers, practitioners, mental and behavioral health organizations, and policy makers to eradicate barriers to mental health service use and strengthen support systems for Black male trauma survivors."
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The Immigrant Health Differential in the Context of Racial and Ethnic Disparities: The Case of Diabetes 🧵1/9 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
"The unadjusted prevalence of diabetes is higher among Native American (15.1%), Asian (8.0%), non-Hispanic Black (12.7%) and
Hispanic (12.1%) adults than among non-Hispanic whites (7.4%)"
30.2 million adults have diabetes and an additional 84.1 million have pre-diabetes
"Diabetes ranks as the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and it substantially increases the risk of blindness, cardiovascular disease, end stage renal disease, hypertension, stroke, neuropathy, lower limb amputations, and premature death"
"Importantly, birth weight in contemporary populations is not only determined just by the current maternal condition but also by the influence of intergenerational life conditions, i.e., influences integrated across several generations."
Both maternal and paternal bw are correlated with their offspring, but the relationship with the mother is stronger
Mixed couples have higher bw than ADOS couples, but lower than whites
Mixed couples with ADOS mothers more often have low bw children than those with ADOS fathers
Racism, African American Women, and Their Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Evidence and Implications for Health Equity liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/he…
"Although legalized slavery, the most salient manifestation of race-based mistreatment for African Americans ended in 1865, racism persists in institutions (e.g., criminal justice system), and attitudes that marginalize African American women."
"Due to laws defining them as property, enslaved women had no legal protection from sexual assault by white men. Acts of sexual violence against African American men could also affect enslaved women"
"In the USA, substantial and persistent disparities in health outcomes and healthcare access across race and ethnicity are well documented, particularly among non-Hispanic Black residents."
"We find significant associations between higher levels of measured structural racism and
...higher rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths, even after adjusting for county-level population sociodemographic characteristics, measures of population health, access to healthcare, population density, and duration of the COVID-19 outbreak."
"..telomere loss and cellular senescence may have implications for the functionality of tissues of special relevance to particular disease processes such as immune response and infection, atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis and osteoarthritis."
"Telomere length did not differ between blacks, whites and Hispanics in a small sample of newborns (Okuda et al., 2002). Our results suggest that race differences in telomere length may emerge and grow with age."