I've long argued against being overly deterministic about climate outcomes based on emissions scenarios, and this article is case-in-point. A 4C warming by 2100 outcome by 2100 is unlikely, but unfortunately we cannot fully rule it out today. reason.com/2022/02/09/wor…
Specifically, current policy outcomes result in ~2.7C warming, while worlds where we meet our Paris commitments result in ~2.4C. The new paper covered in this article implicitly models a world of strengthening policy where we end up around 2.2C.
But all these numbers come with large uncertainties; even if we know future emissions for certain, the amount of warming we end up with also depends on climate sensitivity and carbon cycle feedback uncertainties.
These are more poorly constrained, and modeling we have done suggests that there is likely a non-trivial chance of 4C outcomes in a current policy world. If we continue to strengthen policy we will put it more firmly out of reach, but thats a big IF. thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/…
Note that this criticism is of the statement in the @reason article that "So man-made global warming of 4C by 2100 above pre-industrial levels is not a real possibility." The ERL paper it discusses has a more nuanced take on these issues.
Ignore the second "outcome by 2100". The dangers of morning tweeting pre-coffee.
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Looks like @_david_ho_ and I confused a lot of folks around carbon cycle responses to CO2 removal, so a slightly longer thread would be useful to explain the nuance here.
TLDR: CDR still negates an equal amount of positive emissions as long as it stays out of the atmosphere. 1/
When we add a ton of CO2 to the atmosphere, only about half of it stays there over a longer (century-scale) timeframe, with the other half absorbed by ocean and biosphere carbon sinks. This is a good thing; it means atmospheric CO2 is only half as high as would otherwise be! 2/
Specifically, when we add a ton of CO2 to the atmosphere, 20% of that ton is absorbed by sinks quite quickly (~5 years), 40% is absorbed in the first 20 years, and 60% is absorbed over the first 100 years. However, about 20% will still be in the atmosphere in 500k years! 3/
Climate change is a huge challenge that is impacting us today, and gets worse every year our emissions remain above zero.
But way we talk about climate impacts can at times counterproductive and disempowering. Climate is, ultimately, more of a matter of degrees than thresholds.
The world has warmed by 1.2C since the late 1800s, and will very likely pass 1.5C in the 2030s. A 1.5C world is one of notably worse impacts on human and natural systems than today.
But its not a "tipping point" that necessarily results in significant additional warming.
Earth systems that we consider potential tipping elements - ice sheets, permafrost, coral reefs, AMOC, amazon rainforest, among others – respond to changing temperatures spatially and temporally heterogeneously.
Zero emissions will ultimately require replacing fossil fuels with zero-carbon alternatives. We have mature(ish) tech to get a long way there – perhaps half or two thirds. But we need to prepare for hard-to-decarbonize parts even while we more rapidly deploy what we have today.
Behavior matters too, but its hard to disentangle behavior from technology. For example, having compelling plant alternatives helps people stop eating beef. Better public transport makes it easier to reduce car/flight use, etc. iea.org/articles/do-we…
Carbon removal is important, but how long it stays out of the atmosphere makes a big difference on resulting climate impacts. Here are the results of a simple climate model simulating a one-time removal of 10 GtCO2 in 2022, which is stored for 10, 20, 50, or 100+ years:
The figure shows the difference between a deep mitigation scenario (RCP2.6) with and without 10 GtCO2 removed in 2022, which is then re-released after a given period. There are a few interesting dynamics at work here.
Once the CO2 is re-released the climate quickly warms in response, though its buffered a bit by ocean heat uptake times. Somewhat counterintuitively, after re-release we actually end up with more more long term warming than if the CO2 had never been captured in the first place.
Many countries have adopted net-zero commitments later this century. In most cases these apply to all GHGs, not just CO2, and are structured using 100-year global warming potentials (GWP-100).
It turns out this choice effectively commits countries to a lot of carbon removal. 1/
If you add together different GHGs using GWP-100 it does a pretty poor job of simulating actual warming. It conflates flow pollutants (like CH4) with stock pollutants (like CO2) in ways that are unhelpful, as I discussed last year in this thread:
While we can get close to zero CO2 emissions (at least in theory), it will be much harder to remove all the CH4 and N2O emissions from agriculture. This means that a zero-GHG target is actually a negative-CO2 target, where CO2 removal is balancing out remaining CH4 and N2O.
⬆ 5th or 6th highest surface temps
⬆ Warmest summer on land
⬆ Warmest year for 25 countries + 1.8 billion people
⬆ Record ocean heat
⬆ Record high GHGs
⬆ Record high sea levels
⬇ Record low glacier mass
1/18
2021 was a bit cooler than the last few years due to a moderate La Nina event. La Nina tends to result in cooler temps globally, though the global response tends to lag 3-4 months after peak conditions. Here is what global temps look like since 1970 with and without ENSO removed: