WhatIsBiotechnology Profile picture
May 5, 2022 18 tweets 8 min read Read on X
Over 70% of drugs that seem promising in animal studies fail when tested in humans. Organ-on-a-chip technology could radically change this picture. whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/scie…
Designed with cells from the human body, as this series of tweets show #Organonachips have taken many decades to materialise, starting with John Syer Bristoe’s idea for an artificial organ in 1876 John_SyerBristowe was a British Physician based at St Thomas
The development of #Organonachip is rooted in the concept of the #3Rs (Reduce, Refine and Replace animal testing) first outlined in 1959 by William Russell and Rex Burch
#Organonachip development was boosted by a number of directives and funding from the European Council (1986, 2010) specifying animal experiments only be conducted when results cannot be collected by other means.
The European Directives are based on the principles laid down by William Burch and Rex Russell
Promising to reduce #animaltesting and the time and cost in drug discovery and #Organonachips rests on the invention of Integrated Circuits technology and photolithography in the late 1940s and early 1950s which resulted in creation of microelectronic chips Integrated Circuit created by Jack Kilby
Arrival of new fluid-handling devices with interconnected microchannels, mixers, valves, pumps, pipettes and flowsensors in late 1970s laid important foundation for #Organonachips
Advances in #Organonachip technology benefited from US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funding launched in 1994 to encourage development of portable microfluidic systems to detect chemical and biological weapons
Fabricating #Organonachips was made much easier with the invention of soft lithography developed in the early 1990s by George Whitesides with Donald Ingber at Harvard
Soft lithography was helped through the introduction of PDMS, a flexible silicone rubber which enabled more precise moulding of microchannels for #Organonachips
The first microfluidic cell culture device resembling an early organ-on-a-chip was developed by Andre Kleber and his colleagues in 1991 at the University of Bern to study heart disease
One of the key pioneers of #OrganonaChip has been Michael Shuler at Cornell University who from 1989 began developing what he called 'cell culture analogues' to replicate the physiological and toxicological responses of animals and humans to drugs
In 2007 Shuichi Takayama at the University of Michigan demonstrated that he could recreate the crackling sound associated with lung diseases by passing a little droplet of fluid through microchannels on a lung-on-a-chip Shuichi Takayama
The first #OrganonaChip to capture organ-level functionality was the lung-on-a-chip. Heralded as a major milestone for biological medical science in 2010 the chip, developed by Donald Ingber and Dan Dongeun Huh, provided a key prototype for creating other types of organ chips
Another key figure in the field is Uwe Marx who in 2015 hosted the first stakeholder workshop in Europe for academics, industry and regulators involved in the development of micro-physiological systems to mimic human organs in vitro.
Several multi-organ chips have appeared in the last few years. Known as 'body-on-a-chip' or 'human-on-a-chip' these devices connect individual organs, like the liver or heart, to evaluate the toxicological and efficacy responses of drugs in a similar way to animal models
2022 marks major milestone with the first #organonachip used to get FDA authorisation for clinical testing of drugs in humans. To find out how far the technology has travelled since its early days see whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/scie…
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More from @biomedhistories

Jan 7, 2022
1. Billions of patients have now received #mRNA #COVIDvaccines. First found in 1956 by Elliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan, this series of tweets covers the many decades it took for mRNA to emerge as a medical tool whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/scie…
2. The development of #mRNA for medical applications was not a smooth linear path and involved many different players, a number of whom struggled to get recognition and funding for their work and faced bruising patent battles.
Originally discovered as a result of a search to understand how DNA directs the formation of proteins within a cell, in the early 1970s Yasuhiro Furuich and Aaron Shatkin discovered a specific cap structure that prevented the degradation of mRNA. Left: Yasuhiro Furuichi, at the Roche Institute of Molecular
Read 21 tweets
Mar 10, 2021
1. A quarter of the world’s total #SARS-Cov2 virus genomes have been sequenced on @nanopore devices. First sketched out as an idea here by David Deamer in 1989 this series of tweets covers the long history of nanopore sequencing.
2. Taking 25 years to fully materialise the development of nanopore sequencing has involved close collaboration between academia and industry and many actors from different disciplines and backgrounds. Each has their own story to tell.
whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/scie…
3. Another early pioneer of @nanopore sequencing was #HaganBayley, a British chemist who in the 1990s began working on stochastic sensing as tool to detect metal ions to track submarines as they move through water and for other applications.
Read 23 tweets
Mar 8, 2021
Happy International women’s day. To celebrate #IWD we are sharing a series of tweets with the profile of different #WomeninScience who through the ages have played a significant, but often forgotten role, in biomedical science and healthcare
Our first profile is that of Agelina Fanny Hesse (1850-1934), an overlooked heroine of modern microbiology who was the first to propose the use of arar, in 1881 to grow bacteria which is now used everywhere as a means to study and identify microbes. whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/exhi…
2/
Next is Rosalind Franklin, the x-ray crystallographer who helped to uncover the double-helix structure of DNA. JD Bernal declared her x-ray photos of DNA to be ‘amongst the most beautiful photos of any substance ever taken’. whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/peop…
Read 16 tweets
Mar 5, 2021
While COVID19 is grabbing world attention, another global public health threat is still rising in the wings - #AMR. By 2050 AMR could cause 10 million deaths if left unchecked. AMR is not new and its history stretches back long before penicillin. whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/exhi… /1 Image
The first case of drug resistance was noted in 1907 by #PaulEhrlich, when he observed mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei developed resistance with repeated doses of #Salvarsan, the first compound found to have antimicrobial activity. whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/exhi… /2 Image
Another drug spotted to cause resistance was Optochin, an antimicrobial agent used to treat pneumonia. The first instance of resistance was noted in mice, infected with pneumococcal bacteria, in 1910, and then in humans in 1913. /3 Image
Read 27 tweets

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