Location matters for Covid Vaccine.
Booster Vaccination on the same side as the original Prime shot produces better quality antibodies than on the opposite side even though antibody titres were similar #CovidVaccine@VirusesImmunity#Immunity 1/n science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
Booster Vaccination on the Ipsilateral (same) side produced higher avidity antibodies as opposed to booster on the contralateral (opposite side), #CovidVaccine 2/n science.org/doi/10.1126/sc…
Affinity vs Avidity
Affinity is the strength of a single antibody binding its cognate epitope whereas avidity relates to the strength of polyclonal antibodies (like in real antibody responses) binding to antigens as different antibodies can bind to different epitopes 3/n
What is the secret behind higher avidity (and likely higher affinity for individual antibodies)?
Study shows that antibodies produced by ipsilateral vaccine booster produced more somatic hypermutation, a key step in affinity maturation in germinal centers. 4/n
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So what was wrong with previous attempts at Plasma therapy? 1) Reliable assays for Neutralising Antibodies werent widely available earlier 2) We did not know what titer was high enough 3) Most studies were done in serious ill hospitalised patients 2/n
Why do we need convalescent Plasma in the age of Monoclonal antibodies?
Most monoclonal antibodies are ineffective against Omicron and the ones that retain activity are limited in supply and hoarded by @JoeBiden
Other folks at high risk may need an alternative 3/n
If there is to be any movement on Starlink from Indian bureaucracy, @SpaceX has to take 5% stake in Mukesh Ambani or Adani companies in true Mark Zuckerberg style.
Starlink is a threat to Reliance investment in Telecom.
Recent exposure to hospitals were associated with increased risk of Covid19 in high risk individuals eligible for shielding in Scotland. bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11…
What has been the true extant of the COVID19 pandemic in United states after accounting for underdiagnosis and misreporting? The pandemic still has a long way to run its course. #COVID19 pnas.org/content/118/31…
Has United States reached sufficient levels of Immunity to prevent another wave. While 80% of the popultion may have some immunity, this is subject to R0
R0 started at 6, and the virus has become 2.5 times more infective. Probably higher levels needed. pnas.org/content/118/31…
Course of the epidmic in terms of Incidence, reproductive rate R(t) and cumulative cases in Ohio and Indiana
Natural infections have only reached 20-25% and the gap needs to be filled by vaccination.
"Social Distancing" is a term coined by (math inclined) epidemic modellers and misunderstood by public & even by most public health "experts"
So what does it mean. 1/n
Lets start with the factors affecting R0 (Basic Reproductive Rate) that critically determines an outbreak...
R0 (Basic Reproductive Rate)
= (Avge number of people one meets in a day) * (Probability of Transmission) * (Number of Infective days)
Thus R0 is not a fixed number but influenced & modified by behaviour.
Meeting & interacting with fewer people reduces R0 (Social Distancing) 2/n
Keeping 2m/6 feet distance distance reduces droplet transmission (Probability of Transmission, 2nd term), physical distancing is confused as Social distancing
Masks, Vaccination etc all reduce the second factor in R0 @s_harley1@PriyankaPulla@JoyAnnReid
3/n
Bats are diverse. There exists 1423 known species, with considerable sequence variation in viral receptors (eg DPP4 and ACE2) increasing the likelihood that mere exists a coronavirus variant that spilling into humans.
DPP4 is the receptor for MERS while ACE2 is the receptor for SARS. The variation in these receptors among bats greater than that between humans and other species of mammals. We still don't know the identity of bat species from which COVID19 came.
Bats have exceptionally long lifespans for their size. Bat Immune system has adaptations that allow them to harbour viruses without getting ill. They have constitutive activation of interferon pathway while other pathogenic pathways are reduced.