Following from my last #Castlereagh200 thread, which covered the personal attacks on Castlereagh in media, it makes sense to examine 2 other stressors that increased the emotional demand on Castlereagh: fear and emotional discordance. 1/
Given the level of scorn heaped on Castlereagh in the radical press, it was predictable that these writings and imagery would inspire some to action and there was no shortage of threats to the Foreign Secretary's personal safety.
2/
Often, these threats took the form of street mobs. In 1815 it was necessary to have Castlereagh's house guarded by cavalry, and in 1818, after casting his vote in a by-election, Castlereagh was forced to barricade himself in a shop to avoid a crowd armed with bricks. 3/
By most accounts, Castlereagh took street mobs in stride. Gronow recounts Castlereagh watching an angry crowd break the windows of his townhouse during the Corn Law riots of 1815, while observing to Gronow that "the mob is not as dangerous as you think." 4/
During the Queen Caroline affair, however, threats to his safety from hostile mobs became constant because Caroline had taken up residence in a house beside Castlereagh's in St James Sq. Below is a contemporary print showing the crowd and Castlereagh's townhouse on the corner. 5/
To avoid the daily hostile crowds in St James Sq, Castlereagh was advised by the Home Office to abandon his house altogether, and he moved a bed into the Foreign Office in Downing St.
Let's just consider that for a second: he had to leave his house to avoid possible violence.
6/
In some cases, threats were much more targeted. During the Cato Street conspiracy, for example, there was a lengthy discussion amongst the conspirators about who would have the honour of killing and beheading the Foreign Secretary. 7/
Even though Castlereagh tended to shrug off these threats, maintaining an air of indifference in the face of frequent hostility or threats would have contributed to what is now termed emotional discordance.
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Emotional discordance can occur when an individual masks or suppresses natural feelings (e.g. fear or anxiety) in order to act in accordance with socially- or organisationally-dictated rules of behaviour. 9/
This contributes to mental stress by forcing an individual to psychologically balance internal emotions and external performances that are fundamentally at odds. The political and social worlds of Regency Britain were fraught with these behavioural expectations. 10/
Related to emotional discordance, it's also interesting to note that Castlereagh was, by most accounts, quite reserved by nature; one biographer termed him “a complete introvert,” and Princess Lieven found it “strange how timid he is,” and somewhat awkward in social settings. 11/
While some forms of emotional labour have negative effects for both introverts and extroverts over time, there is some evidence that extroversion mediates the negative stresses...
12/
...while those with more reserved personality traits don't have the same ability to mediate negative impacts, leading to more rapid emotional exhaustion and more susceptibility to stresses related to emotional dissonance.
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For an individual who seems to have been naturally inclined towards traits of introversion, having to 'perform' continuously on multiple stages (parliamentary, cabinet, court, and social) would have exposed Castlereagh to regular emotional exhaustion.
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Image: Richard Dighton, @britishmuseum (BM), 1852,1116.559
Between roughly 1818-1828, Richard Dighton did a series of profile portraits of men in Regency London's high society. Most were etchings, and the BM has digitized many prints held in its collection--they are worth your time if you're interested in Regency society, style, and art.
The earlier prints of this particular portrait, published individually by Dighton himself, are clearly dated to July 1821. Copies show up in the collections of the @britishmuseum, @NPGLondon, and @RCT.
(details shown here are from prints in the BM and RCT collections)
The late-Renaissance building with an inner courtyard surrounded by arcades was multi-functional: it housed the royal stables, guest apartments, the royal art collection, and an armoury. In fact, the ground floor is still used as the stables for the vaunted Lipizzaner Stallions.
Around 1711 the Stallburg also became the home of the Ziffernkanzlei--the 'Number Office.'
A name both suggestive and vague (and one of many used throughout the organization's existence), it was really the secret office for mail interception and decryption.
Castlereagh Creeping the House of Lords, or the Story of a Misidentified Portrait.
A 🧵
2 artists captured the proceedings against Queen Caroline in the #HouseofLords in 1820, and both include #ViscountCastlereagh. Let's start with James Stephanoff.
Stephanoff shows Castlereagh perched on a staircase, watching from a small window. The 1823 key for Stephanoff's work identifies this figure as "The Marquis of Londonderry [Castlereagh], who usually took his station on the stairs leading to the gallery during the investigation."
The other portrayal of the trial is, of course, George Hayter's monumental painting. Hayter, however, shows Castlereagh positioned in the box of the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, on the bottom right corner.
I was at a loss for how to mark the day after spending the last 2 years writing the research article on which all these tweets are based.
Maybe something more reflective is fitting.
I had always been interested in Castlereagh from a diplomatic and political standpoint...
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...and became increasingly interested in exploring the mental health aspect of his story because it was a challenging area that would combine history, politics, psychology, medicine, and other disciplines.
In the last few months of #Castlereagh200 threads we've covered a lot of ground, looking at many stressors that put Castlereagh's #MentalHealth at risk.
Now that we're only days from the bicentenary of his death, let's look at some conclusions.
First, the stress on Castlereagh was cumulative and pervasive. The downward spiral that he experienced in the weeks preceding his suicide was only the final chapter in a story that had been developing for yrs. The overlap between the professional and the social made it worse.
2/
Castlereagh was arguably a successful policymaker. But what did that require? He had to be a strategist, a tactician, a courtier, a whip, an orator, a master of protocol, an ambassador, a traveller, a negotiator, a socialite, and a political campaigner.
3/
As we turn the corner into the week of August 12, I want to focus this #Castlereagh200 🧵 on a final area of #MentalHealth risk connected to the workplace: job insecurity.
If you've been following these #Castlereagh200 threads, you may call that I'm drawing from a risk framework that forms the basis for my upcoming article on Castlereagh and mental health. See the attached table, adapted from Boini, 2020 and Gollac et al, 2011.
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Job insecurity has long been recognized as a mental health risk. But was Castlereagh's job insecure? No.
Electorally he was in safe seats, only losing his home seat briefly in 1805. His position in Cabinet after 1812 was arguably more secure than Liverpool's.