Thread by @nick_krontiris

This one found that the timing of calorie distribution (breakfast/dinner) may have no effect in total daily energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate, improvements in weight loss, or measures of cardiometabolic risk, but it may affect hunger.

This is pretty cool, so...

- This was a 4-week randomized crossover isocaloric and eucaloric controlled feeding trial, comparing morning loaded (45%:35%:20% kcal at breakfast:lunch:dinner) versus evening loaded (20%:35%:45% kcal at breakfast:lunch:dinner) calorie intake.

Individual calorie intake was fixed, referenced to each individual’s measured RMR to assess the effect of meal timing under isoenergetic intake on weight loss and EE.

- The two isocaloric diets with the same composition, while differing in energy distribution, resulted in significant weight reduction at the end of each dietary intervention period.

- Weight loss showed a near-identical downward trend, with no difference in weight loss at the end of the 4 weeks, between the morning (−3.33 kg) and evening loaded diets (−3.38 kg).

- The morning loaded diet resulted in lower average daily hunger, desire to eat, prospective consumption, thirst, and composite appetite score.

- Although no differences were observed in fasting PYY, ghrelin, GIP, and GLP-1 between conditions, the 2 h postprandial ghrelin response was lower after the after the morning- compared to the evening-loaded breakfast...

...with PYY, GIP, and GLP-1 (satiety-enhancing GI hormones) also being higher.

While these data largely reflect the difference in meal size, they correspond with the subjective appetite responses of prolonged appetite suppression associated with morning loaded feeding.

- RMR was lower after both weight-loss diets compared to baseline, corresponding with a lower body weight, with no differences between conditions.

- Weight loss resulted in lower mean daily glucose, incremental and absolute area under the curve, maximum glucose levels, and daily glucose variability.

- Interestingly, when the CGM data were analyzed and defined by diet and clock time as distinct 4 h time blocks, only a higher postprandial rise in interstitial glucose for the evening loaded diet, between 8PM and 12PM was observed.

This reflects the greater meal size (and glycemic load) with the larger dinner meal, but interestingly, there was no reciprocal statistical difference in the morning period when a large breakfast was consumed.

- Reduced glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were observed following both calorie restriction diets, irrespective of condition.

- Similarly, compared to baseline both diets resulted in significant yet comparable reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglycerides.

- There were no mealtime effects on metabolic parameters, and all significant effects appeared to relate to weight loss.

- "It is possible that the benefit of weight loss outweighed any differences arising from calorie distribution or that evening meals were not large or late enough to cause the negative impacts seen in other studies."

- "Our study disproves earlier studies that infer time-of-day calorie intake may influence energy balance through metabolic adaptation and instead implies that changes in appetite may be involved in improving weight loss with ML EI."

- "Although our study controlled calorie intake, the greater satiety and lower hunger on the ML diet may contribute to behavioral changes (reduced calorie intake later in the day), which would support greater weight loss."

Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity (open access)

doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet…

#nutrition #diet #weightloss #appetite