How can 75 g glucose (3 times more) not increase glucose more than 25 g?
(3/8)
The more glucose ingested, the higher the rate of appearance of glucose into the blood.
So something must be happening to offset this.
It could be less glucose appearing from stored carbs the liver (& kidneys),
or more glucose disappearing into tissues (e.g., muscle)...
(4/8)
There were no meaningful differences in endogenous glucose production.
(glucose appearing mainly from the liver)
(5/8)
But insulin showed a clear dose-response to increased glucose intake, so why was liver glucose output largely similar?
Liver glucose output is maximally suppressed at relatively low concentrations of insulin.
What about rates of disappearance (mainly into muscle)?
(6/8)
Increased disappearance rates (mainly into muscle) explain how 75 g glucose can produce a similar blood glucose response to 25 g of glucose by offsetting appearance rate.
Because rates of disappearance show almost a linear dose-response to insulin in a physiological range
(7/8)
In summary:
Circulating glucose concentrations do not necessarily reflect the amount of carbs that have just been eaten.
Nor do they necessarily reflect the rate of carbohydrate digestion-absorption into the circulation.
Concentrations reflect the net balance of kinetics
(8/8)
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Our latest paper shows that a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) can overestimate blood glucose, and the size of this bias varies by person and the meal/beverage ingested… see below for more
CGMs measure glucose in interstitial fluid, then use algorithms to estimate what the blood glucose concentration is
Many factors could affect the ability for a CGM to accurately estimate blood glucose, and these could vary between people and when glucose fluxes are changing
In this study we compared CGM to capillary samples across a range of test foods/beverages
The idea that males display more between-individual variance than females has been considered for >150 years
In humans, this might be (partly) due to averaging of two parental copies in the homogametic sex but not in the heterogametic sex.
Since (premenopausal) women display greater day-to-day variance in sex hormones, it is reasonable to assume that women may display greater day-to-day variance in metabolic outcomes affected by sex hormones.
For context, the relationship between LDL-cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease risk appears linear across the entire physiological range