You are a #Roman soldier born in province of Dalmatia (modern-day #Croatia). Most of your life you've spent on the Adriatic coast, in the warm Mediterranean climate. It is a paradise on Earth. And it is the heartland of the mighty #RomanEmpire.
Your life is about to change... /1
Then, your emperor, great #Hadrian, commands you and your unit to move. Not to the East, where you could still enjoy all benefits of civilization. Or to Africa, also a place to be.
No, Hadrian dispatches you to the ends of the known world. To the cold and hostile Brittania /2
Precisely, you and your unit are sent to man the furthermost part of the northern frontier. To the Hadrian wall, which is nearing its completion. In the following decade, you will guard this remote outpost against the barbarian threat. /3
This is more than a story. It is exactly what happened to the detachment of the Cohors IV Delmatarum from the #Dalmatian coast. Their destination was fort Mediobogdum, located on the western side of the Hardknott Pass in the county of Cumbria. /4
Built between 120 and 138 AD, the fort was briefly abandoned during the Antonine advance into Scotland during the mid-2nd century. It was reoccupied around 200 and continued in use until the last years of the 4th century. /5
One of the most remote and dramatically sited Roman forts in #Britain, the small, three-acre fort at Hardknott enjoyed command of the Eskdale Valley and the Roman road to Ravenglass. /6
And how do we know the story? Well, the Dalmatian soldiers left an inscription in the fort, which survived (in fragments) to the present day, a witness of a fascinating journey from ancient #history. /7
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The disaster came suddenly. In 636 AD, at Yarmuk the Roman field army broke before the Arab tide. Syria and the Levant were lost, the empire’s old heart cut away.
But in the mountains and plains of Anatolia, something ancient refused to die...
A thread 🧵
Driven from the East, the Romans regrouped.
Armies once roaming from Egypt to Armenia dug in, settled, adapted. Soldiers became farmers, camps became provinces, generals became governors.
From this slow change, the themata - the new regional armies - were born. /1
At first they bore old names...
...a memory of greatness, gone:
• Anatolikon - “of the East”
• Armeniakon - “of Armenia”
• Opsikion - the imperial retinue
• Thrakēsion - Thracian field army now in Asia Minor
Legions of old, now standing fast against Arab raids /2
Everyone knows 1066 ended Saxon England.
Few remember what came after.
Because not all of Harold’s men died at Hastings. Many sailed south, toward the one realm where warriors like them still had a place
To Byzantium
To the Emperor's court in Constantinople
A thread🧵
The proud warriors of Harold Godwinson, the last Saxon king of England, ended in the realm known to its people as “Basileia Rhōmaiōn” - THE Roman Empire.”
Here, those exiles found new masters, new purpose, and in time, a new identity. /1
The Byzantines called the visitors from the North Varangians- the fearsome bodyguards of the Emperor. The finest warriors of the Middle Ages.
Tall, broad-shouldered men with long axes, guarding the marble halls of the Great Palace and the Empire’s blood-soaked frontiers. /2
The bells of Hagia Sophia echo across the Golden Horn, blending with the cries of gulls and merchants on the Mese. More than half a million souls live here - the largest city in Europe, heart of the Christian Roman Empire.
A thread🧵
From each of the 14 districts pious citizens move toward the Great Church.
Senators and bureaucrats in their silk-bordered robes, monks in wool, sailors from the harbors, and palace guards, tread marble streets lined with porticoes and statues older than the Empire itself. /1
Many of those statues, as 10-th century 'Patria' tells us. The pagan statues were by now imbued with the Christian meaning, often replacing a deity for a saint or virtue...
Yet the citizens were well aware of their ancient origin. /2