You are a #Roman soldier born in province of Dalmatia (modern-day #Croatia). Most of your life you've spent on the Adriatic coast, in the warm Mediterranean climate. It is a paradise on Earth. And it is the heartland of the mighty #RomanEmpire.
Your life is about to change... /1
Then, your emperor, great #Hadrian, commands you and your unit to move. Not to the East, where you could still enjoy all benefits of civilization. Or to Africa, also a place to be.
No, Hadrian dispatches you to the ends of the known world. To the cold and hostile Brittania /2
Precisely, you and your unit are sent to man the furthermost part of the northern frontier. To the Hadrian wall, which is nearing its completion. In the following decade, you will guard this remote outpost against the barbarian threat. /3
This is more than a story. It is exactly what happened to the detachment of the Cohors IV Delmatarum from the #Dalmatian coast. Their destination was fort Mediobogdum, located on the western side of the Hardknott Pass in the county of Cumbria. /4
Built between 120 and 138 AD, the fort was briefly abandoned during the Antonine advance into Scotland during the mid-2nd century. It was reoccupied around 200 and continued in use until the last years of the 4th century. /5
One of the most remote and dramatically sited Roman forts in #Britain, the small, three-acre fort at Hardknott enjoyed command of the Eskdale Valley and the Roman road to Ravenglass. /6
And how do we know the story? Well, the Dalmatian soldiers left an inscription in the fort, which survived (in fragments) to the present day, a witness of a fascinating journey from ancient #history. /7
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A Roman official Petrus leaves Rome for Spain carrying a bundle of papal documents across a dangerous Mediterranean. It sounds like a minor errand. It was anything but.
A thread on a journey from Rome to Visigothic Spain...and the world behind it.🧵
The background of Petrus' mission is one of the great doctrinal struggles of the age: the Monothelite controversy.
For years, the Roman world had argued over how to describe Christ. And whether He had one will or two. This could sound weird to you, but for the people in the 7th century this was a highly political issue. /1
In 680-681 AD, the Sixth Ecumenical Council took place in Constantinople. What was meant to settle the religious issue, ended in a crisis.
The council rejected Monothelitism and affirmed that Christ possessed two wills, divine and human, in harmony. But a council’s decision meant little unless the wider Christian world accepted it. /2
We call them “Byzantines.” But they knew themselves as the Romans - the “Rhomaoi”
If we begin with “Byzantium,” we are already using a later (albeit useful) label that would have meant little, or even infuriate the people we are describing
Romans, Not “Byzantines”
A thread 🧵
And that s more than mere semantics. If “Byzantines” understood themselves as Romans, then eastern Roman history is not a decorative appendix of antiquity.
Instead, it is the history of Rome part II: altered perhaps. Christianized, increasingly Greek-speaking, yes, but still Roman in law, government, and political ideology. /1
To start with, the term “Byzantine” is not medieval. It was popularized in early modern by Hieronymus Wolf, invented a century after the fall of Constantinople.
So the very term many people now treat as natural is itself part of a later western reframing of Roman continuity in the East (!) /2
You are a citizen of Bari. It is early 1024 AD, Easter vigil at a great imperial cathedral. A deacon is singing a hymn inviting all creatures on Earth and in Heaven to exult at the news of Christ resurrection.
Unrolling a giant roll - the exultet
A thread🧵
The Exultet I is a fascinating artifact. Besides the harmonious solemn hymn, praising the Lord's rebirth, it also contains stunning miniatures, allowing those gathered to follow the story, as the long roll is slowly unrolled
And it is a long roll. More than five meters long!
/1
The first image of the Exultet is that of Christ Pantokrator, Lord of the universe, enthroned over the world.
He is not only the risen Christ, but also the Christ Logos - the Christ who alone gives meaning to all history. /2
The disaster came suddenly. In 636 AD, at Yarmuk the Roman field army broke before the Arab tide. Syria and the Levant were lost, the empire’s old heart cut away.
But in the mountains and plains of Anatolia, something ancient refused to die...
A thread 🧵
Driven from the East, the Romans regrouped.
Armies once roaming from Egypt to Armenia dug in, settled, adapted. Soldiers became farmers, camps became provinces, generals became governors.
From this slow change, the themata - the new regional armies - were born. /1
At first they bore old names...
...a memory of greatness, gone:
• Anatolikon - “of the East”
• Armeniakon - “of Armenia”
• Opsikion - the imperial retinue
• Thrakēsion - Thracian field army now in Asia Minor
Legions of old, now standing fast against Arab raids /2
Everyone knows 1066 ended Saxon England.
Few remember what came after.
Because not all of Harold’s men died at Hastings. Many sailed south, toward the one realm where warriors like them still had a place
To Byzantium
To the Emperor's court in Constantinople
A thread🧵
The proud warriors of Harold Godwinson, the last Saxon king of England, ended in the realm known to its people as “Basileia Rhōmaiōn” - THE Roman Empire.”
Here, those exiles found new masters, new purpose, and in time, a new identity. /1
The Byzantines called the visitors from the North Varangians- the fearsome bodyguards of the Emperor. The finest warriors of the Middle Ages.
Tall, broad-shouldered men with long axes, guarding the marble halls of the Great Palace and the Empire’s blood-soaked frontiers. /2