Imperator Cat Profile picture
Jan 4, 2023 7 tweets 4 min read Read on X
You are a #Roman soldier born in province of Dalmatia (modern-day #Croatia). Most of your life you've spent on the Adriatic coast, in the warm Mediterranean climate. It is a paradise on Earth. And it is the heartland of the mighty #RomanEmpire.

Your life is about to change... /1
Then, your emperor, great #Hadrian, commands you and your unit to move. Not to the East, where you could still enjoy all benefits of civilization. Or to Africa, also a place to be.

No, Hadrian dispatches you to the ends of the known world. To the cold and hostile Brittania /2
Precisely, you and your unit are sent to man the furthermost part of the northern frontier. To the Hadrian wall, which is nearing its completion. In the following decade, you will guard this remote outpost against the barbarian threat. /3
This is more than a story. It is exactly what happened to the detachment of the Cohors IV Delmatarum from the #Dalmatian coast. Their destination was fort Mediobogdum, located on the western side of the Hardknott Pass in the county of Cumbria. /4
Built between 120 and 138 AD, the fort was briefly abandoned during the Antonine advance into Scotland during the mid-2nd century. It was reoccupied around 200 and continued in use until the last years of the 4th century. /5
One of the most remote and dramatically sited Roman forts in #Britain, the small, three-acre fort at Hardknott enjoyed command of the Eskdale Valley and the Roman road to Ravenglass. /6
And how do we know the story? Well, the Dalmatian soldiers left an inscription in the fort, which survived (in fragments) to the present day, a witness of a fascinating journey from ancient #history. /7

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More from @CatImperator

Oct 21
The disaster came suddenly. In 636 AD, at Yarmuk the Roman field army broke before the Arab tide. Syria and the Levant were lost, the empire’s old heart cut away.

But in the mountains and plains of Anatolia, something ancient refused to die...

A thread 🧵 Image
Driven from the East, the Romans regrouped.

Armies once roaming from Egypt to Armenia dug in, settled, adapted. Soldiers became farmers, camps became provinces, generals became governors.

From this slow change, the themata - the new regional armies - were born. /1 Image
Image
At first they bore old names...
...a memory of greatness, gone:

• Anatolikon - “of the East”
• Armeniakon - “of Armenia”
• Opsikion - the imperial retinue
• Thrakēsion - Thracian field army now in Asia Minor

Legions of old, now standing fast against Arab raids /2 Image
Read 17 tweets
Oct 18
October 18, 1081; near Dyrrhachium.

The young emperor Alexios Komnenos flees for his life.

Behind him, the Norman knights of Robert Guiscard cut through the last remnants of the Roman army. The Empire is in crisis.

Yet, in the end, Byzantium will prevail.

A thread 🧵 Image
To understand how it came to this, that the emperor has to flee the battlefield...

...we must return a decade earlier - to Manzikert.

In 1071, emperor Romanos IV Diogenes faced the Seljuks. Assured in his victory, he reject Alp Arslan's peace offer..

Instead of triumph... /1 Image
Romanos was betrayed - and defeated.

Alp Arslan offered him generous terms, but the emperor's murder by Doukas, plunged the Empire into civil war.

Anatolia defenseless, Seljuk warlords carved their realms, depriving the Empire of its vital military and economic base. / 2 Image
Read 15 tweets
Oct 15
Everyone knows 1066 ended Saxon England.
Few remember what came after.

Because not all of Harold’s men died at Hastings. Many sailed south, toward the one realm where warriors like them still had a place

To Byzantium

To the Emperor's court in Constantinople

A thread🧵 Image
The proud warriors of Harold Godwinson, the last Saxon king of England, ended in the realm known to its people as “Basileia Rhōmaiōn” - THE Roman Empire.”

Here, those exiles found new masters, new purpose, and in time, a new identity. /1 Image
The Byzantines called the visitors from the North Varangians- the fearsome bodyguards of the Emperor. The finest warriors of the Middle Ages.

Tall, broad-shouldered men with long axes, guarding the marble halls of the Great Palace and the Empire’s blood-soaked frontiers. /2 Image
Read 14 tweets
Oct 5
It’s Sunday in Constantinople, ca. 950 AD.

The bells of Hagia Sophia echo across the Golden Horn, blending with the cries of gulls and merchants on the Mese. More than half a million souls live here - the largest city in Europe, heart of the Christian Roman Empire.

A thread🧵 Image
From each of the 14 districts pious citizens move toward the Great Church.

Senators and bureaucrats in their silk-bordered robes, monks in wool, sailors from the harbors, and palace guards, tread marble streets lined with porticoes and statues older than the Empire itself. /1 Image
Many of those statues, as 10-th century 'Patria' tells us. The pagan statues were by now imbued with the Christian meaning, often replacing a deity for a saint or virtue...

Yet the citizens were well aware of their ancient origin. /2 Image
Read 13 tweets
Sep 17
Is there any person in history as influential as Alexander the Great?

In barely a decade, he carved a vast empire from Greece to India.

But his legacy began the moment his empire collapsed, ushering in the Hellenistic Age, the foundation of our world.

A thread🧵 Image
As a commander, Alexander became the model for all future generals.

His campaigns were studied by Caesar, imitated by Napoleon, analyzed by Patton. Speed, daring, and vision, as well as tactical acumen.

Every great general has marched in his footsteps. /1 Image
Alexander was hailed as Kosmokrator: lord of the world.

No wonder, early Christians reimagined him as the model for Christ the Pantokrator, ruler of all.

Initially, Christ was portrayed as young Alexander! Young, long haired and beardless warrior. /2 Image
Read 11 tweets
Sep 6
Constantinople, 717 AD.

Dawn breaks over the City of Constantine. From the sea walls, Romans watch in silence as almost 2,000 Umayyad ships choke the Bosphorus.

The city faces ruin. Yet hidden aboard the imperial fleet lies a terrible secret - the Greek Fire.

A thread🧵 Image
The imperial dromons surge forward. Bronze siphons thunder, unleashing torrents of liquid flame.

Fire leaps across the water, but it does not vanish. Instead, it burns wood and flesh. The Arab fleet erupts in chaos. Constantinople is saved... /1 Image
While the Greek Fire saved the City, and the Empire, at its darkest hour, this was not the first time the terrifying weapon was employed.

Its origins lie half a century earlier, in the reign of emperor Constantine IV (668–685). /2 Image
Read 10 tweets

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