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May 19 23 tweets 8 min read Twitter logo Read on Twitter
Flavonoids as a therapeutical option for the treatment of thrombotic complications associated with #COVID19 #LongCovid

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"The protective effect of isoquercetin on hypercoagulability observed in 57 cancer patients was reported in a clinical trial conducted by Zwicker et al. (2019)."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"The patients were divided into two groups, which received 500 and 1,000 mg of isoquercetin daily for 56 days."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"The PDI activity following 2 months of daily administration was significantly decreased in both cohorts, with median changes of 37 and 73% respectively."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Similarly, the thrombin generation in activated platelets was reduced in both cohorts by 31 and 57% respectively."

"Finally, in the cohort with 1,000 mg of isoquercetin, soluble P‐selectin decreased with a median change of 57.9%."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Myricetin at 10 μM inhibited approximately 60 and 40% of the enzymatic activity of PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) and ERp5 (endoplasmic reticulum protein 5), enzymes responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"and further activation of various platelet receptors."

"Finally, molecular docking indicated that myricetin through hydrogen bonds presented a similar affinity to both thiol enzymes."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"It was suggested that myricetin inhibited the reductase activity of PDI and ERp5 due to non‐covalent bonds between the compound and amino acids adjacent to the active redox site of these proteins."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"In conclusion, myricetin inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and collagen pathways, possibly to the inhibition of common molecules in both pathways, such as ERp5 and PDI."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Chen et al. (2021) evaluated the antiplatelet activity of dihydromyricetin in PRP using as agonists thrombin at 0.08 U/ml, collagen at 2 μg/ml, and ADP at 10 μM."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Dihydromyricetin at 200 μM inhibited at least 70% of platelet aggregation induced by all the agonists."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Likewise, when thrombin stimulated platelet aggregation, dihydromyticetin at 200 μM inhibited 70% of α‐granule secretion and diminished 60% of calcium intracellular elevation."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"The authors then evaluated the release of vWF and PDI from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)."

"Dihydromyricetin at 200 μM inhibited more than 70 % of the release of both proteins."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Finally, dihydromyricetin at 200 μM interfered with thrombin‐induced extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) and p38 activation in platelets and endothelial cells."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Dihydromyricetin, through in silico assays, interacted with ERK1/2 and p38 catalytic sites through hydrogen bonds, π–π and σ–π interactions."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Authors concluded that dihydromyricetin at the molecular level targets mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling leading to attenuated calcium elevation, a central signaling node regulating granule secretion, integrin activation, and TF exposure."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Wu, Zhang, et al. (2020) reported the thrombin and FXa inhibition due to luteolin, dihydroquercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate, all at 0.5 mM,"
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"using capillary electrophoresis coupled with immobilized enzyme microreactor (IMER) and specific substrates for both enzymes."

"The authors also evaluated a mixture of both substrates, thus reporting dual inhibition of both enzymes."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Luteolin reported a low effect for single and dual inhibition with percentages less than 40%."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"By contrast, epigallocatechin gallate showed the highest inhibition with values of 96, 73, and 83% for FXa, thrombin, and dual‐target inhibition respectively."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Dihydroquercetin reported preferential inhibition for FXa (81%), and epigallocatechin gallate showed inhibition with values of 38, 70, and 58% for FXa, thrombin, and dual‐target inhibition respectively."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"Finally, molecular interactions between enzyme flavonoids were verified via molecular docking, corroborating the selective effect of dihydroquercetin and the dual effect of epigallocatechin gallate."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"In conclusion, epigallocatechin gallate could be considered a prominent anticoagulant drug since it reported a great inhibitory effect on thrombin and FXa, which may be considered effective dual‐target inhibitors."

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More from @renesugar

May 20
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs): an overview toward clinical applications

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P… Image
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"In mammals, PDK1-PDK4 are expressed in tissue- or cell-type-specific ways by four different genes, which are responsible for tissue- or cell-specific regulation of PDC."
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…

"They are mainly found in the mitochondrial matrix, and their sequence homology can reach to 70%."

"The sequence differences manifest mainly in the n-terminal. PDK1 is mainly distributed in the heart, islets, and skeletal muscles."
Read 18 tweets
May 20
The melatonergic pathway and its interactions in modulating respiratory system disorders

sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

"MT is a product of the tryptophan pathway, with tryptophan-derived serotonin being converted to N-acetylserotonin (NAS) by aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT)."

"NAS is enzymatically converted to MT by acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT)."
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

"Oral MT acts to dampen induced lung inflammatory activity, including decreasing the levels and activity of eosinophils."

"MT inhibits neutrophil infiltration and oxidant production that underpins the pathogenesis of BA nocturnal symptoms."
Read 23 tweets
May 20
Interfering with type I Interferons (IFN-α, IFN-β) to purge persistent viral infections #LongCovid #MECFS
"Consistent with the ongoing antiviral activity of IFN-I, blockade of IFN-I signaling initially increased virus titers, but then ultimately facilitated the control of the persistent infection."

"Glycolysis and lactate negatively regulate type I interferon induction and the antiviral response."

"treatment of mice with sodium lactate reduced type I interferon in response to viral infection."

Read 24 tweets
May 19
The Short Synacthen (Corticotropin) Test Can Be Used to Predict Recovery of Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29846658/
Synacthen (tetracosactide)

netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/live…
netdoctor.co.uk/medicines/live…

"Tetracosactide is used to test if the adrenal glands are functioning correctly. "

"Tetracosactide acts on the adrenal glands in the same way as natural ACTH."
Read 12 tweets
May 19
Myricetin #LongCovid #MECFS
"Additionally, myricetin is a novel inhibitor of ERp5 and PDI, unveiling a new therapeutic perspective for the treatment of thrombotic disorders."

"In conclusion, myricetin inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin and collagen pathways, possibly to the inhibition of common molecules in both pathways, such as ERp5 and PDI."

Read 5 tweets
May 19
Calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2) mutations increase expression of calreticulin and ryanodine receptors, causing catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17607358/
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17607358/

"Treatment with Mg(2+), a RyR2 inhibitor, normalized myocyte Ca(2+) cycling and decreased CPVT in mutant mice, indicating RyR2 dysfunction was critical to mutant CASQ2 pathophysiology."
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17607358/

"We conclude that CPVT-causing CASQ2 missense mutations function as null alleles."

"In the absence of CASQ2, calreticulin, a fetal Ca(2+)-binding protein normally downregulated at birth, remains a prominent SR component."
Read 5 tweets

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