Lubna of Cordoba was an Andalusian intellectual, mathematician, and poet during the 10th century. Originally a slave of Spanish origin, she rose to prominence in the Umayyad court and served as the palace secretary for Caliphs ʿAbd al-Rahmān III and al-Hakam II.

🧵THREAD : 2) Lubna was raised within the Madīnat al-Zahrā palace. She pursued a career within the palace, developing expertise in mathematics, grammar, and poetry. Her responsibilities included managing correspondence and administrative tasks, showcasing her exceptional skills.

Sayyed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas: The Thinker Who Redefined Islamic Thought 🖋️

His deep knowledge spans Islamic theology, philosophy, metaphysics, history, and literature. He’s one of the most influential Muslim intellectuals of our time.

🧵 THREAD 2) Born in 1931 in Indonesia, al-Attas is a Malaysian thinker of Arab descent. Al-Attas introduced the idea of "Islamization of Knowledge," arguing that modern knowledge should be integrated with Islamic values to counter the secular worldview that dominates education.

1) Zheng He (郑和) (d.1435), was a Chinese Muslim explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. Zheng was a 30th generation descendant of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.

Zheng led China to become the superpower of the Indian Ocean, in the 15th CE. ++

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2) Zheng He was a great-great-great-grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, who served in the administration of the Mongol Empire and was the governor of Yunnan during the early Yuan dynasty. Sayyid Ajall was a 26th generation descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)..2/7

1) Al-Jazarī (d.1206), was an Kurdish Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, and mathematician. He has been described as the "father of robotics" and modern-day engineering. In 1206, he described 50 mechanical devices, and how to construct them...++

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2) He is best known for writing The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (Kitab fi ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiya), ('Book in knowledge of engineering tricks') in 1206, where he described 50 mechanical devices, along with instructions on how to construct them.

1) Al-Mu'taman Billah (c. 1085), was a mathematician, geometer, and the king of the Taifa of Zaragoza in Andalus (Spain).

Al-Mu'taman is the author of the first known formulation of "Ceva's theorem", which was only known in Europe in 1678...++

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2) The main work of al-Mu'taman was his Book of Perfection (Kitab al-Istikmal). This book was a compendium of the Greek mathematics of Euclid and Archimedes among others, but also contained the teachings of Thabit ibn Qurra, the Banu Musa, and Ibn al-Haytham..2/3

1) Ibn Zuhr (d. 1162) (Avenzoar), was a Muslim Arab physician, surgeon, and poet from Andalusia. His greatest contribution to medicine was his application of experimental methods by introducing animal testing. Ibn Zuhr performed the first experimental tracheotomy on a goat.++
🧵 2) "The book of moderation," was a treatise on general therapy written in his youth for the Almoravid prince Ibrahim Yusuf ibn Tashfin. The book is a summary of various different diseases, therapeutics, and general hygiene...2/3

1) 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) (d.986) was a Persian Muslim astronomer. He was the first to describe the Andromeda Galaxy in 964 AD. Al-Sufi made his astronomical observations at a latitude of 32.7° in Isfahan. He also identified the Large Magellanic Cloud from Yemen. 1/5

🧵 2) These were the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth. Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, describing much of his work. Al-Biruni reports that some of his work was carried out in Shiraz...2/5

1) Abū al-Wafā Būzhjānī (d. 998) was a Persian Muslim mathematician and astronomer from Khorasan. He established several Trig. identities such as [𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂±𝒃)] in their modern form. He also discovered the law of sines: {𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗔/𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗮=𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗕/𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗯=𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗖/𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗰}

🧵 2)He established several Trigo. identities such as [𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂±𝒃)] in their modern form:

{𝙨𝙞𝙣(α ± β)= 𝙎𝙞𝙣α 𝘾𝙤𝙨β ± 𝘾𝙤𝙨α 𝙎𝙞𝙣β}
{𝙨𝙞𝙣(𝙖 + 𝙗) = 𝙎𝙞𝙣(𝙖)𝘾𝙤𝙨(𝙗) + 𝘾𝙤𝙨(𝙖)𝙎𝙞𝙣(𝙗)}
{𝘾𝙤𝙨(2𝙖) = 1-2𝙨𝙞𝙣²(𝙖)}
{𝙎𝙞𝙣(2𝙖) = 2𝙎𝙞𝙣(𝙖) 𝘾𝙤𝙨(𝙖)}

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1) Abū Kāmil (Auoquamel) (d. 930), was a Muslim mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age. He was the first mathematician to systematically use and accept irrational numbers as solutions and coefficients to equations. His mathematical techniques were later adopted by Fibonacci..1/4 2) Abu Kamil made important contributions to algebra and geometry. He was the first Islamic mathematician to work easily with algebraic equations with powers higher than (x^2) up to (x^8) and solved sets of non-linear simultaneous equations with three unknown variables...2/4

1) 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) (d.986) was a Persian Muslim astronomer. He was the first to describe the Andromeda Galaxy in 964 AD. Al-Sufi made his astronomical observations at a latitude of 32.7° in Isfahan. He also identified the Large Magellanic Cloud from Yemen. 1/5

🧵 2) These were the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth. Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, describing much of his work. Al-Biruni reports that some of his work was carried out in Shiraz...2/5

1) Ibn al-Nafis al-Shafi'i al-Ash'ari (d. 1288), was an Arab Muslim polymath whose areas of work included medicine, surgery, anatomy, biology, Islamic studies, jurisprudence, and philosophy. He was the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood....1/5 2) 2) The number of medical textbooks written by Ibn al-Nafis is estimated at more than 110 volumes. He was appointed as the chief physician at al-Naseri Hospital founded by Sultan Salahuddin al-Ayyubi...2/5

1) Abū al-Wafā Būzhjānī (d. 998) was a Persian Muslim mathematician and astronomer from Khorasan. He established several Trig. identities such as [𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂±𝒃)] in their modern form. He also discovered the law of sines: {𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗔/𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗮=𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗕/𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗯=𝗦𝗶𝗻𝗖/𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗰}

🧵 2)He established several Trigo. identities such as [𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂±𝒃)] in their modern form:

{𝙨𝙞𝙣(α ± β)= 𝙎𝙞𝙣α 𝘾𝙤𝙨β ± 𝘾𝙤𝙨α 𝙎𝙞𝙣β}
{𝙨𝙞𝙣(𝙖 + 𝙗) = 𝙎𝙞𝙣(𝙖)𝘾𝙤𝙨(𝙗) + 𝘾𝙤𝙨(𝙖)𝙎𝙞𝙣(𝙗)}
{𝘾𝙤𝙨(2𝙖) = 1-2𝙨𝙞𝙣²(𝙖)}
{𝙎𝙞𝙣(2𝙖) = 2𝙎𝙞𝙣(𝙖) 𝘾𝙤𝙨(𝙖)}

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1) Jamshīd al-Kāshī (d. 1429) was a Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, who provided an explicit statement of the law of cosines suitable for triangulation. He discovered [(sin 3Φ=3sinΦ - 4sin^3Φ)] to determine Sin 1°. He also computed 2π to 9 sexagesimal digits. +1/4 2) He developed an iterative method for solving cubic equations, which was not discovered in Europe until centuries later. al-Kashi computed sin 1° to nearly as much accuracy as his value for π, which was the most accurate approximation...2/4

1) Muḥyī al‐Dīn Maghribī (d.1283), was a Muslim astronomer and mathematician from Andalusia (Spain). He is most known for his works in trigonometry, Book on the theorem of Menelaus, Treatise on the calculation of sines. He also wrote three commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest..1/6 2) He belonged to the group of astronomers associated with the Maragheh observatory, most notably Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. In astronomy, Muhyi al-Din carried out a large‐scale project of planetary observations, which led to the development of several new astronomical parameters..2/6

1) Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d.1346) was a Muslim astronomer, Hanafi-Maturidi scholar, jurist, theologian, grammarian, linguist, and logician from Bukhara, Transoxiana (Uzbekistan). His lineage reaches 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit (a companion of the Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H)...1/5 2) Sadr's astronomical work represents an ongoing revision of Ptolemaic astronomy. He undertook to correct the works of two of his predecessors, namely Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi. The models of the last two were developed in their respective works...2/5

1) Zheng He (郑和) (d.1435), was a Chinese Muslim explorer, diplomat, and fleet admiral during China's early Ming dynasty. Zheng was a 30th generation descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). Zheng led China to become the superpower of the Indian Ocean, in the 15th CE...1/7 2) Zheng He was a great-great-great-grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, who served in the administration of the Mongol Empire and was the governor of Yunnan during the early Yuan dynasty. Sayyid Ajall was a 26th generation descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)..2/7

1) Muḥyī al‐Dīn Maghribī (d.1283), was a Muslim astronomer and mathematician from Andalusia (Spain). He is most known for his works in trigonometry, Book on the theorem of Menelaus, Treatise on the calculation of sines. He also wrote three commentaries on Ptolemy's Almagest..1/6 2) He belonged to the group of astronomers associated with the Maragheh observatory, most notably Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. In astronomy, Muhyi al-Din carried out a large‐scale project of planetary observations, which led to the development of several new astronomical parameters..2/6

1) Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (1137 – 4 March 1193), better known simply as Salah ad-Din or Saladin, was a Sunni Kurd and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Saladin led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant...1/5
#science #history #Islam 2) Ibn Jubayr wrote about Saladin. For example, he said, "There is no congregational or ordinary mosque, no mausoleum built over a grave, nor hospital, nor theological college, where the bounty of the Sultan does not extend to all who seek shelter or live in them"...2/5

1) The Book of Fixed Stars (كتاب صور الكواكب) is an astronomical text written by Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) around 964. The book was written in Arabic, the common language for scholars across the vast Islamic territories, although the author himself was Persian...1/4
#fact 2) Al-Sufi improved upon Ptolemy’s system. Instead of two brightness categories (‘more bright’ and ‘less bright’), Al-Sufi employed three: (‘less’) (‘greater’), and (‘much-greater’). Ihsan Hafez has recorded 132 stars in Al-Sufi’s work not mentioned by Ptolemy..2/4
#science