#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile the situation in ZojiLa was getting desperate. Two well planned attacks had failed. The troops involved in them had suffered heavy casualties.
What was worse was that the enemy's positions remained completely intact at the end of these two ..
Meanwhile the situation in ZojiLa was getting desperate. Two well planned attacks had failed. The troops involved in them had suffered heavy casualties.
What was worse was that the enemy's positions remained completely intact at the end of these two ..
#2dayIn1948
.. ops, and were sure to be further strengthened in the light of the experience gained. Winter was fast approaching and it was already doubtful if Kargil could be captured & stocked with supplies before heavy snowfall and icy blizzards gripped the area.
.. ops, and were sure to be further strengthened in the light of the experience gained. Winter was fast approaching and it was already doubtful if Kargil could be captured & stocked with supplies before heavy snowfall and icy blizzards gripped the area.
#2dayIn1948
Urgent high level discussions took place at Srinagar and Delhi to decide the next step. The difficulties and dangers of the ZojiLa operation were obvious. But the alternative of leaving the whole of Ladakh to its fate was unacceptable, both ..
Urgent high level discussions took place at Srinagar and Delhi to decide the next step. The difficulties and dangers of the ZojiLa operation were obvious. But the alternative of leaving the whole of Ladakh to its fate was unacceptable, both ..
#2dayIn1948
.. politically and strategically. It was decided, therefore, to make one more attempt to push thru the Zoji La, and it was clearly understood to be the last chance of averting disaster in the Northern Front of J&K Ops.
A frontal attack on Zoji La ..
.. politically and strategically. It was decided, therefore, to make one more attempt to push thru the Zoji La, and it was clearly understood to be the last chance of averting disaster in the Northern Front of J&K Ops.
A frontal attack on Zoji La ..
#2dayIn1948
.. could not surprise the hostiles in the manner of a normal op. So everything possible was done to surprise them by the method of its execution, and to keep them guessing by adopting an elaborate deception scheme.
Moves to the concentration ..
.. could not surprise the hostiles in the manner of a normal op. So everything possible was done to surprise them by the method of its execution, and to keep them guessing by adopting an elaborate deception scheme.
Moves to the concentration ..
#2dayIn1948
.. area at Baltal were ordered to be made by night, and a feint attack was planned in the Suru Valley.
But the real surprise was to be the use of tanks for the Zoji La attack!
This was a bold decision, for tanks had never before been used at such ..
.. area at Baltal were ordered to be made by night, and a feint attack was planned in the Suru Valley.
But the real surprise was to be the use of tanks for the Zoji La attack!
This was a bold decision, for tanks had never before been used at such ..
#2dayIn1948
.. an altitude (3258m / 11,575ft) by any army, and even the performance of the engine and the lubricating system at that height and in that cold couldn't be confidently predicted.
.. an altitude (3258m / 11,575ft) by any army, and even the performance of the engine and the lubricating system at that height and in that cold couldn't be confidently predicted.
#2dayIn1948
Many of the bridges enroute were not strong enough to carry the tanks, and, of course, there was no track fit for tanks to move from Baltal to Zoji La. The Engineers were given the task of making ..
Many of the bridges enroute were not strong enough to carry the tanks, and, of course, there was no track fit for tanks to move from Baltal to Zoji La. The Engineers were given the task of making ..
#2dayIn1948
.. the track fit for tanks at the earliest possible date. By dint of superhuman efforts, and working day and night, they he task by 15 Oct.
The problem of weak bridges was solved by removing the gun turrets from the tanks, and conveying them ..
.. the track fit for tanks at the earliest possible date. By dint of superhuman efforts, and working day and night, they he task by 15 Oct.
The problem of weak bridges was solved by removing the gun turrets from the tanks, and conveying them ..
#2dayIn1948
.. separately to Baltal. Apart from reducing the weight of the tanks, this little trick had the advantage of effectively hiding from the civilians the fact that tanks were going to Baltal, for without their turrets, the tanks were easily made ..
.. separately to Baltal. Apart from reducing the weight of the tanks, this little trick had the advantage of effectively hiding from the civilians the fact that tanks were going to Baltal, for without their turrets, the tanks were easily made ..
#2dayIn1948
.. to look like covered carriers. It was a remarkable feat of deception to take the tanks up to Baltal without any of the numerous enemy informers in the Valley knowing about it.
The plan for the crucial attack - named 'Op Sparrow', later ..
.. to look like covered carriers. It was a remarkable feat of deception to take the tanks up to Baltal without any of the numerous enemy informers in the Valley knowing about it.
The plan for the crucial attack - named 'Op Sparrow', later ..
#2dayIn1948
.. superseded by 'Op Bison' - was issued by Brig Atal on 14 Oct. He had under his command 5 Maratha, 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles, 1 Patiala and 4 Rajput in lieu of 3 Jat which was committed elsewhere. The arty units taking part were 30 Field Battery, ..
.. superseded by 'Op Bison' - was issued by Brig Atal on 14 Oct. He had under his command 5 Maratha, 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles, 1 Patiala and 4 Rajput in lieu of 3 Jat which was committed elsewhere. The arty units taking part were 30 Field Battery, ..
#2dayIn1948
.. 51 (Para) Field Battery and the J&K Mountain Battery. 7 Light Cavalry under Lt Col Rajinder Singh (popularly known as Sparrow) was the armoured force, with 12 armoured carriers also provided. The tanks were to advance through the Zoji La and deal with ..
.. 51 (Para) Field Battery and the J&K Mountain Battery. 7 Light Cavalry under Lt Col Rajinder Singh (popularly known as Sparrow) was the armoured force, with 12 armoured carriers also provided. The tanks were to advance through the Zoji La and deal with ..
#2dayIn1948
.. the formidable enemy positions on Mukand, Chabutra, MMG Ridge and North Hill. A company of 1 Patiala was to follow them in covered carriers to Gumri. 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles, supported by 30 Field Battery, 51 (Para) Field Battery and J&K Mountain Battery, was ..
.. the formidable enemy positions on Mukand, Chabutra, MMG Ridge and North Hill. A company of 1 Patiala was to follow them in covered carriers to Gumri. 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles, supported by 30 Field Battery, 51 (Para) Field Battery and J&K Mountain Battery, was ..
#2dayIn1948
.. to mop up and capture Mukand from its lower slopes to the other end at 'small U', after the tanks had reached Gumri and destroyed the main positions. 1 Patiala (less a company) was given orders to assault and occupy MMG Ridge beyond Mukand.
.. to mop up and capture Mukand from its lower slopes to the other end at 'small U', after the tanks had reached Gumri and destroyed the main positions. 1 Patiala (less a company) was given orders to assault and occupy MMG Ridge beyond Mukand.
#2dayIn1948
A few platoons of 5 Maratha were to occupy high ground near Chabutra & overlooking the Bod Gumbur Nar before D-Day, thus preventing the hostiles on Chabutra from launching a counter attack while Mukand and MMG Ridge were being captured.
A few platoons of 5 Maratha were to occupy high ground near Chabutra & overlooking the Bod Gumbur Nar before D-Day, thus preventing the hostiles on Chabutra from launching a counter attack while Mukand and MMG Ridge were being captured.
#2dayIn1948
After they were captured, 4 Rajput was to be pushed forward towards Machhoi, and the operation was to be continued till the recapture of Dras. Tempests of the RIAF were to give the fullest support to the attack.
All details of the crucial op were ..
After they were captured, 4 Rajput was to be pushed forward towards Machhoi, and the operation was to be continued till the recapture of Dras. Tempests of the RIAF were to give the fullest support to the attack.
All details of the crucial op were ..
#2dayIn1948
.. carefully worked out, and instructions were issued even about the use of smoke shells in the attack and the regulation of ivilian traffic in the Sind Valley.
The attack was to begin on 20 Oct 1948.
.. carefully worked out, and instructions were issued even about the use of smoke shells in the attack and the regulation of ivilian traffic in the Sind Valley.
The attack was to begin on 20 Oct 1948.
#2dayIn1948
Just as the Indian troops were limbering up for the attack on Zoji La, it started snowing.
The boys were up for a very interesting time indeed, in the days and weeks to come. In the end, they would end up scripting history. They just didn't know it yet!
Just as the Indian troops were limbering up for the attack on Zoji La, it started snowing.
The boys were up for a very interesting time indeed, in the days and weeks to come. In the end, they would end up scripting history. They just didn't know it yet!
#2dayIn1948
Poonch Brigade launched an operation codenamed 'Op Catch', to capture Pt. 7416 and to clear the enemy from Kasba Village. The operation started at 1900Hr this day and was to be carried out by three columns - their axis of advance being through Bagial Nala.
Poonch Brigade launched an operation codenamed 'Op Catch', to capture Pt. 7416 and to clear the enemy from Kasba Village. The operation started at 1900Hr this day and was to be carried out by three columns - their axis of advance being through Bagial Nala.
#2dayIn1948
This op would complement the capture of Pir Badesar by 268 Brigade, which had been accomplished three days earlier as part of the aptly named 'Operation Ranjit'. At 2000Hr on 14 Oct the Brigade had moved out, 1/1 GR leading, and the first objective, Kater was ..
This op would complement the capture of Pir Badesar by 268 Brigade, which had been accomplished three days earlier as part of the aptly named 'Operation Ranjit'. At 2000Hr on 14 Oct the Brigade had moved out, 1/1 GR leading, and the first objective, Kater was ..
#2dayIn1948
.. was secured without opposition.
At 0300Hr on 15 Oct, the Gorkhas came under heavy fire in Giran from 250 Sudhans armed with rifles, Brens and 3-inch mortars. But the village was cleared by a spirited attack.
Now 1/2 Punjab led the advance.
.. was secured without opposition.
At 0300Hr on 15 Oct, the Gorkhas came under heavy fire in Giran from 250 Sudhans armed with rifles, Brens and 3-inch mortars. But the village was cleared by a spirited attack.
Now 1/2 Punjab led the advance.
#2dayIn1948
At 0600Hr on 15 Oct, 'C' Company attacked Pt. 3978, which was held in strength by the enemy. Although the Subedar leading the platoon was mortally wounded by a bullet, this feature was also captured.
1(Para) Kumaon then continued the advance towards Pir Badesar.
At 0600Hr on 15 Oct, 'C' Company attacked Pt. 3978, which was held in strength by the enemy. Although the Subedar leading the platoon was mortally wounded by a bullet, this feature was also captured.
1(Para) Kumaon then continued the advance towards Pir Badesar.
#2dayIn1948
Arty and air softened up enemy position at Paran, and 'B' and 'C' Companies made a spirited attack & captured it against stiff opposition at 1300Hr. Pir Badesar was captured by 1700Hr 15 Oct.
Total casualties sustained by 268 Brigade were approximately 20.
Arty and air softened up enemy position at Paran, and 'B' and 'C' Companies made a spirited attack & captured it against stiff opposition at 1300Hr. Pir Badesar was captured by 1700Hr 15 Oct.
Total casualties sustained by 268 Brigade were approximately 20.
#2dayIn1948
Pir Badesar was a strong tactical locality, 1645m above sea level. It overlooked theSeri Valley, protected Jhangar from North & posed a direct threat to Kotli. Its capture meant that Indian troops had got behind the enemy ..
Pir Badesar was a strong tactical locality, 1645m above sea level. It overlooked theSeri Valley, protected Jhangar from North & posed a direct threat to Kotli. Its capture meant that Indian troops had got behind the enemy ..
#2dayIn1948
.. and were now threatening Chingas from West and had eliminated his strong points at Bagla & Pt. 4810. The chief advantage of 'Op Ranjit' was that it completely outwitted the enemy who couldn't correctly divine whether a serious threat was to develop against ..
.. and were now threatening Chingas from West and had eliminated his strong points at Bagla & Pt. 4810. The chief advantage of 'Op Ranjit' was that it completely outwitted the enemy who couldn't correctly divine whether a serious threat was to develop against ..
#2dayIn1948
There was now an important modification made to the plan for 'Operation Easy' for link up & it was decided that the link-up should be now made via Mendhar and not via Potha.
An ad hoc formation named 'Durga Force' under overall command of ..
There was now an important modification made to the plan for 'Operation Easy' for link up & it was decided that the link-up should be now made via Mendhar and not via Potha.
An ad hoc formation named 'Durga Force' under overall command of ..
#2dayIn1948
.. Brig Yadunath Singh was to undertake 'Op Easy' and was composed of 5 Infantry Brigade, 19 Infantry Brigade, and the Rajauri Garrison.
.. Brig Yadunath Singh was to undertake 'Op Easy' and was composed of 5 Infantry Brigade, 19 Infantry Brigade, and the Rajauri Garrison.
#2dayIn1948
To provide air support, No 10 RIAF Squadron comprising Tempests & No 12 Squadron of Dakotas & No 1 AOP Flight of Austers were made available.
To provide air support, No 10 RIAF Squadron comprising Tempests & No 12 Squadron of Dakotas & No 1 AOP Flight of Austers were made available.
#2dayIn1948
As part of 'Op Catch' by Poonch Brigade, the first column, comprising one company 9 Kashmir Infantry & one company 11 J&K Militia captured the high ground by 0200Hr after a sharp & swift engagement. The second column, comprising 1 Kashmir Infantry less ..
As part of 'Op Catch' by Poonch Brigade, the first column, comprising one company 9 Kashmir Infantry & one company 11 J&K Militia captured the high ground by 0200Hr after a sharp & swift engagement. The second column, comprising 1 Kashmir Infantry less ..
#2dayIn1948
.. two companies & two companies 8 J&K Militia, captured Pt. 7702 by 0300Hr. The third column, comprising 8 Kashmir Infantry less one company & one company 11 J&K Militia, captured Pt. 7416. These objectives were secured after stiff resistance.
.. two companies & two companies 8 J&K Militia, captured Pt. 7702 by 0300Hr. The third column, comprising 8 Kashmir Infantry less one company & one company 11 J&K Militia, captured Pt. 7416. These objectives were secured after stiff resistance.
#2dayIn1948
Enemy reinforcements, however, soon started building up & started exerting pressure on the forward Indian positions.
At 0900Hr, the hostiles, estimated to be two battalion strong, made a three pronged attack on the forward position at Pt. 7702.
Enemy reinforcements, however, soon started building up & started exerting pressure on the forward Indian positions.
At 0900Hr, the hostiles, estimated to be two battalion strong, made a three pronged attack on the forward position at Pt. 7702.
#2dayIn1948
This position was held by one company of 1 Kashmir Infantry and a company of 8 J&K Militia. The position was further reinforced by a platoon & managed to repulse the attack after a prolonged struggle by 1300Hr. Arty played a big role in disorganising the ..
This position was held by one company of 1 Kashmir Infantry and a company of 8 J&K Militia. The position was further reinforced by a platoon & managed to repulse the attack after a prolonged struggle by 1300Hr. Arty played a big role in disorganising the ..
#2dayIn1948
.. enemy ranks and thus, weakening the attack.
.. enemy ranks and thus, weakening the attack.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, at the other end, as part of 'Op Easy', 5 Brigade had been assigned the task of capturing Pir Kalewa. This Brigade had left Ambala on 11 Sep, arrived in Jammu on 13 Sep and concentrated in Rajauri by 20 Oct.
It was commanded by Brig Umrao Singh.
Meanwhile, at the other end, as part of 'Op Easy', 5 Brigade had been assigned the task of capturing Pir Kalewa. This Brigade had left Ambala on 11 Sep, arrived in Jammu on 13 Sep and concentrated in Rajauri by 20 Oct.
It was commanded by Brig Umrao Singh.
#2dayIn1948
The brigade comprised of 4 Madras, 5 RajRif & 1/4 GR.
The op was to be carried out in 3 phases.
In Phase 1, 4 Madras, 1/4 GR & 5 RajRif were to concentrate in selected concentration areas.
In Phase 2, 4 Madras was to capture Pir Kalewa while ..
The brigade comprised of 4 Madras, 5 RajRif & 1/4 GR.
The op was to be carried out in 3 phases.
In Phase 1, 4 Madras, 1/4 GR & 5 RajRif were to concentrate in selected concentration areas.
In Phase 2, 4 Madras was to capture Pir Kalewa while ..
#2dayIn1948
Since 161 Brigade had many units under its command, it was decided to reorganise this force in the Uri Sector. This reorganisation was completed by 20 Oct.
Henceforth, 161 Brigade would consist only of six battalions - 7 Sikh, 2 Dogra, ..
Since 161 Brigade had many units under its command, it was decided to reorganise this force in the Uri Sector. This reorganisation was completed by 20 Oct.
Henceforth, 161 Brigade would consist only of six battalions - 7 Sikh, 2 Dogra, ..
#2dayIn1948
.. 1 Royal Garhwal Rifles, 4 Kumaon, 2/3 GR and Sawai Mann Guards. Main HQ of this Brigade was established at Mahura.
Rest of the battalions - 2 (Para) Madras, 2 Bihar, 5/11 GR, 1 J&K Militia & 3 J&K Militia were placed under command of 165 Brigade ..
.. 1 Royal Garhwal Rifles, 4 Kumaon, 2/3 GR and Sawai Mann Guards. Main HQ of this Brigade was established at Mahura.
Rest of the battalions - 2 (Para) Madras, 2 Bihar, 5/11 GR, 1 J&K Militia & 3 J&K Militia were placed under command of 165 Brigade ..
#2dayIn1948
.. with HQ at Uri. After this reorganisation, there were no offensive ops due to wintry conditions.
This day, Chhota Kazinag, Chinal Dori & Pir Kanthi woke up to 25cm of snow. The severity of winter in other areas of Uri/Mahura curtailed offensive ops.
.. with HQ at Uri. After this reorganisation, there were no offensive ops due to wintry conditions.
This day, Chhota Kazinag, Chinal Dori & Pir Kanthi woke up to 25cm of snow. The severity of winter in other areas of Uri/Mahura curtailed offensive ops.
#2dayIn1948
In ZojiLa sector too, heavy snowfall over past three days had forced postponement of 'Op Bison', burying the newly built track, reducing visibility & making all movement over the steep slopes practically impossible. So the proposed attack was postponed to 25 Oct 1948.
In ZojiLa sector too, heavy snowfall over past three days had forced postponement of 'Op Bison', burying the newly built track, reducing visibility & making all movement over the steep slopes practically impossible. So the proposed attack was postponed to 25 Oct 1948.
#2dayIn1948
It snowed in Zoji La again, necessitating a second postponement of Op Bison to 29 Oct. Window for execution was fast closing.
It snowed in Zoji La again, necessitating a second postponement of Op Bison to 29 Oct. Window for execution was fast closing.
#2dayIn1948
Poonch Brigade sent out a fighting column of two platoons of 11 J&K Militia towards Kasba. After a fierce engagement lasting three hrs, the enemy over there was driven away. Having accomplished their task, the troops withdrew, leaving a permanent picquet at Pt 7416.
Poonch Brigade sent out a fighting column of two platoons of 11 J&K Militia towards Kasba. After a fierce engagement lasting three hrs, the enemy over there was driven away. Having accomplished their task, the troops withdrew, leaving a permanent picquet at Pt 7416.
#2dayIn1948
At the other end, the operation to capture Pir Kalewa by 5 Brigade was underway. 1/4 Gorkha Rifles took the lead in the attack.
At the other end, the operation to capture Pir Kalewa by 5 Brigade was underway. 1/4 Gorkha Rifles took the lead in the attack.
#2dayIn1948
'A' Company started moving at 2230Hr and occupied high ground overlooking a group of houses to facilitate the passage of rest of the battalion.
Meanwhile 4 Madras was directed against Pir Kalewa.
'A' Company started moving at 2230Hr and occupied high ground overlooking a group of houses to facilitate the passage of rest of the battalion.
Meanwhile 4 Madras was directed against Pir Kalewa.
#2dayIn1948
At 0030Hr, 'B' & 'D' Companies swept forward to attack.
At 0030Hr, 'B' & 'D' Companies swept forward to attack.
#2dayIn1948
'D' Company didn't meet any opposition and secured the hill called 'Bump' at 0620Hr.
Enemy, estimated to be about 80 strong, however, offered determined opposition to the advance of 'B' Company towards Pir Kalewa, and when it was within 630m of ..
'D' Company didn't meet any opposition and secured the hill called 'Bump' at 0620Hr.
Enemy, estimated to be about 80 strong, however, offered determined opposition to the advance of 'B' Company towards Pir Kalewa, and when it was within 630m of ..
#2dayIn1948
.. the objective, it was heavily fired upon. After an arty barrage & an air strike, 'B' Company led the assault again & was ably supported by 'D' Company which made a spirited attack on the left flank. The enemy was demoralised and beat a hasty ..
.. the objective, it was heavily fired upon. After an arty barrage & an air strike, 'B' Company led the assault again & was ably supported by 'D' Company which made a spirited attack on the left flank. The enemy was demoralised and beat a hasty ..
#2dayIn1948
.. retreat, losing 15 killed & 20 wounded.
.. retreat, losing 15 killed & 20 wounded.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, 'B' & 'D' Companies of 1/4 GR too captured Pt 5928 by 0530Hr.
Having cleared the enemy from there & the neighbouring features, the next step was to drive out the enemy from Pt. 5477. 'C' Company advanced to attack this feature.
When the ..
Meanwhile, 'B' & 'D' Companies of 1/4 GR too captured Pt 5928 by 0530Hr.
Having cleared the enemy from there & the neighbouring features, the next step was to drive out the enemy from Pt. 5477. 'C' Company advanced to attack this feature.
When the ..
#2dayIn1948
.. company was about 550m short of its objective, they were subjected to heavy rifle and automatic fire, which was neutralised with arty fire & the feature captured at 1300Hr.
.. company was about 550m short of its objective, they were subjected to heavy rifle and automatic fire, which was neutralised with arty fire & the feature captured at 1300Hr.
#2dayIn1948
At 0100Hr, enemy launched a counter attack on 4 Madras troops at Pir Kalewa but was easily repulsed. In order to secure Pir Kalewa against any further enemy threat, 'B' Company occupied the neighbouring feature at 1220Hr after slight resistance.
At 0100Hr, enemy launched a counter attack on 4 Madras troops at Pir Kalewa but was easily repulsed. In order to secure Pir Kalewa against any further enemy threat, 'B' Company occupied the neighbouring feature at 1220Hr after slight resistance.
#2dayIn1948
At 1900Hr, 5 RajRif moved through the Madras positions at Pir Kalewa to capture Pt. 6407.
At 1900Hr, 5 RajRif moved through the Madras positions at Pir Kalewa to capture Pt. 6407.
#2dayIn1948
'B' and 'D' Companies of the Paltan launched the attack at 0500Hr. Halfway up the hill, they were met by heavy machine gun fire.
'B' and 'D' Companies of the Paltan launched the attack at 0500Hr. Halfway up the hill, they were met by heavy machine gun fire.
#2dayIn1948
The Madras boys struggled hard to overcome enemy resistance for full five hours with help of own machine gun and arty fire. It was only about noon that they secured the feature. Thus on 28 Oct, 5 Brigade succeeded in securing the vital Pir Kalewa Ridge.
The Madras boys struggled hard to overcome enemy resistance for full five hours with help of own machine gun and arty fire. It was only about noon that they secured the feature. Thus on 28 Oct, 5 Brigade succeeded in securing the vital Pir Kalewa Ridge.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, two 4.2-inch mortars were taken to Leh by air, and two more were to be sent a little later. These heavy mortars proved invaluable for destroying enemy strong-points inaccessible or out of range of other weapons.
Meanwhile, two 4.2-inch mortars were taken to Leh by air, and two more were to be sent a little later. These heavy mortars proved invaluable for destroying enemy strong-points inaccessible or out of range of other weapons.
#2dayIn1948
It proved impossible to begin the Zoji La offensive even this day, as the snow was still thawing and the tracks and hillsides were too slippery for movement.
Finally, 01 Nov was fixed as the D-Day.
It was very doubtful now if Kargil or even Dras ..
It proved impossible to begin the Zoji La offensive even this day, as the snow was still thawing and the tracks and hillsides were too slippery for movement.
Finally, 01 Nov was fixed as the D-Day.
It was very doubtful now if Kargil or even Dras ..
#2dayIn1948
.. could be recaptured before the great freeze-up, and it was clearly told that if it could not begin on 01 Nov, the attack would finally be abandoned.
.. could be recaptured before the great freeze-up, and it was clearly told that if it could not begin on 01 Nov, the attack would finally be abandoned.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in Leh, Maj Hari Chand had disappeared once again disappeared behind the enemy lines with his commandos, crossing the Zanskar River in the Chilling Sector a day ago for yet another raid.
Meanwhile in Leh, Maj Hari Chand had disappeared once again disappeared behind the enemy lines with his commandos, crossing the Zanskar River in the Chilling Sector a day ago for yet another raid.
#2dayIn1948
This was the day the one year and 4 day old campaign achieved its pinnacle - The Indian Army did the unthinkable by assaulting the 3528m / 11525ft high Zoji La Pass with tanks.
Never before in history had tanks operated at such heights.
This was the day the one year and 4 day old campaign achieved its pinnacle - The Indian Army did the unthinkable by assaulting the 3528m / 11525ft high Zoji La Pass with tanks.
Never before in history had tanks operated at such heights.
#2dayIn1948
Bad weather had already delayed 'Op Bison' by 11days. For a while though, weather Gods appeared to be merciful & meteorological forecasts predicted that the weather would be clear on 01 Nov. It had even stopped snowing on the previous day.
But the dawn of 01 Nov ..
Bad weather had already delayed 'Op Bison' by 11days. For a while though, weather Gods appeared to be merciful & meteorological forecasts predicted that the weather would be clear on 01 Nov. It had even stopped snowing on the previous day.
But the dawn of 01 Nov ..
#2dayIn1948
.. broke with heavy grey clouds scudding overhead. A chilly wind came screaming down the mountains and fitful drizzle & light drizzle was falling. Weather prospects for the next few days were also bleak. The RIAF too couldn't operate due to weather.
.. broke with heavy grey clouds scudding overhead. A chilly wind came screaming down the mountains and fitful drizzle & light drizzle was falling. Weather prospects for the next few days were also bleak. The RIAF too couldn't operate due to weather.
#2dayIn1948
However, the troops were ready for combat.
However, the troops were ready for combat.
#2dayIn1948
Gen Thimayya was faced with the very difficult decision as to whether or not he should launch the operation. If the attack didn't go in this day, it might not be possible to re-take Zoji La before next spring, with resultant doubts on the fate of the Ladakh garrison.
Gen Thimayya was faced with the very difficult decision as to whether or not he should launch the operation. If the attack didn't go in this day, it might not be possible to re-take Zoji La before next spring, with resultant doubts on the fate of the Ladakh garrison.
#2dayIn1948
He decided to take a risk & ordered the assault to go in as planned.
Troops on ground though, were waiting for the arty bombardment that was to commence at 1000Hr, which failed to materialize.
He decided to take a risk & ordered the assault to go in as planned.
Troops on ground though, were waiting for the arty bombardment that was to commence at 1000Hr, which failed to materialize.
#2dayIn1948
The snowing continued, and no guns roared, leading many to believe in despair that the attack had been abandoned, and the fate of Leh was sealed.
The tension and uncertainty evaporated when, at 1030Hr, the arty barrage commenced!
The snowing continued, and no guns roared, leading many to believe in despair that the attack had been abandoned, and the fate of Leh was sealed.
The tension and uncertainty evaporated when, at 1030Hr, the arty barrage commenced!
#2dayIn1948
Due to heavy snowfall on hilltops, plans for the assault of Chabutra & Mukand were slightly modified. The tanks were now to get across the Zoji La to the Gumri Basin, followed by the Gorkhas. They were to engage the enemy from behind while the ..
Due to heavy snowfall on hilltops, plans for the assault of Chabutra & Mukand were slightly modified. The tanks were now to get across the Zoji La to the Gumri Basin, followed by the Gorkhas. They were to engage the enemy from behind while the ..
#2dayIn1948
.. Rajputs and the Patialas assaulted those positions frontally.
The whole success of this plan depended upon the enemy not being aware of presence of Indian tanks. With merely a handful of Anti Tank weapons, he could easily block the narrow track.
.. Rajputs and the Patialas assaulted those positions frontally.
The whole success of this plan depended upon the enemy not being aware of presence of Indian tanks. With merely a handful of Anti Tank weapons, he could easily block the narrow track.
#2dayIn1948
Soon the tanks of 'C' Squadron 7 Cavalry, clattered forward, led by a 15 cwt Dodge with a winch to pull out any tank that stalled or got stuck. Maj Gen Thimayya himself led this advance in the leading tank across the Pass. Though this was a risk ..
Soon the tanks of 'C' Squadron 7 Cavalry, clattered forward, led by a 15 cwt Dodge with a winch to pull out any tank that stalled or got stuck. Maj Gen Thimayya himself led this advance in the leading tank across the Pass. Though this was a risk ..
#2dayIn1948
.. that we could ill afford to take, he went ahead and rest is history.
An arty observer too followed in one of the tanks to direct observed arty fire on targets. A snow blizzard had started when the tanks were advancing towards the Pass.
.. that we could ill afford to take, he went ahead and rest is history.
An arty observer too followed in one of the tanks to direct observed arty fire on targets. A snow blizzard had started when the tanks were advancing towards the Pass.
#2dayIn1948
This proved providential and reduced visibility provided natural protection. Two armoured car troops of 'A' Squadron, 7 Light Cavalry followed the tanks at the tail of the column, and one company of 1 Patiala in covered carriers gave close protection.
This proved providential and reduced visibility provided natural protection. Two armoured car troops of 'A' Squadron, 7 Light Cavalry followed the tanks at the tail of the column, and one company of 1 Patiala in covered carriers gave close protection.
#2dayIn1948
Fortunately, no anti tank weapons / mines were encountered since enemy hadn't thought of tanks at that altitude even as a remote possibility.
Fortunately, no anti tank weapons / mines were encountered since enemy hadn't thought of tanks at that altitude even as a remote possibility.
#2dayIn1948
Intercepted wireless messages between enemy command and troops in the field told an interesting story indeed!
The latter reported presence of these tanks but their HQ wouldn't believe that tanks could be brought up to Zoji La.
A prompt reply was received ..
Intercepted wireless messages between enemy command and troops in the field told an interesting story indeed!
The latter reported presence of these tanks but their HQ wouldn't believe that tanks could be brought up to Zoji La.
A prompt reply was received ..
#2dayIn1948
.. from their HQ that, "these so-called tanks must be camouflaged jeeps."
However, their illusions about camouflage were soon dispelled. The streams of bullets from the enemy's MMGs and rifles came furiously, but flattened themselves on the tempered..
.. from their HQ that, "these so-called tanks must be camouflaged jeeps."
However, their illusions about camouflage were soon dispelled. The streams of bullets from the enemy's MMGs and rifles came furiously, but flattened themselves on the tempered..
#2dayIn1948
.. steel of the tanks' bodies, and fell harmlessly to the ground. The defenders were completely demoralized as the tanks destroyed one bunker after another through accurate fire from main guns. Relentless arty barrage too added to the terror, causing huge casualties.
.. steel of the tanks' bodies, and fell harmlessly to the ground. The defenders were completely demoralized as the tanks destroyed one bunker after another through accurate fire from main guns. Relentless arty barrage too added to the terror, causing huge casualties.
#2dayIn1948
Survivors soon vacated their defences and fled in utter panic.
The tanks reached Gumri plains by afternoon. In view of the unexpected enemy collapse, 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles was ordered not to wait for nightfall but to ..
Survivors soon vacated their defences and fled in utter panic.
The tanks reached Gumri plains by afternoon. In view of the unexpected enemy collapse, 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles was ordered not to wait for nightfall but to ..
#2dayIn1948
.. attack immediately and occupy Mukand, Chabutra, North Hill and MMG Ridge. These frowning hills, which had proved so formidable in earlier attacks, fell now after little resistance. By 2115Hr, 1 Patiala had also reached Gumri, the flanking ..
.. attack immediately and occupy Mukand, Chabutra, North Hill and MMG Ridge. These frowning hills, which had proved so formidable in earlier attacks, fell now after little resistance. By 2115Hr, 1 Patiala had also reached Gumri, the flanking ..
#2dayIn1948
.. hills were firmly held and at long last, the Zoji La defile had been burst open!
.. hills were firmly held and at long last, the Zoji La defile had been burst open!
#2dayIn1948
Photo: Attack Plan - Op Bison
(From the Official History of the 1947-48 War published by the MoD)
Photo: Attack Plan - Op Bison
(From the Official History of the 1947-48 War published by the MoD)
#2dayIn1948
A Stuart tank of the 7th Light Cavalry negotiates a narrow mountain road.
Photo : Dr Sudhir S Boleria
A Stuart tank of the 7th Light Cavalry negotiates a narrow mountain road.
Photo : Dr Sudhir S Boleria
#2dayIn1948
In the early hours of the morning of 02 Nov, 1 Patiala moved out from Gumri to continue the advance. The men were familiar with each and every rock and gully in the area, having withdrawn under enemy pressure only a few weeks prior, and had acquired ..
In the early hours of the morning of 02 Nov, 1 Patiala moved out from Gumri to continue the advance. The men were familiar with each and every rock and gully in the area, having withdrawn under enemy pressure only a few weeks prior, and had acquired ..
#2dayIn1948
.. the supreme confidence and skill of tried veterans. Climbing the hills on either flank quickly and silently in the dark, they approached the hostile positions from above.
The defile was not more than 90m wide beyond Gumri, and the raiders ..
.. the supreme confidence and skill of tried veterans. Climbing the hills on either flank quickly and silently in the dark, they approached the hostile positions from above.
The defile was not more than 90m wide beyond Gumri, and the raiders ..
#2dayIn1948
.. occupied positions on either flank. These positions were carved out of rock, were well camouflaged and held by 60 men each. One company of 1 Patiala assaulted each position in the grey light of dawn at 0530Hr.
The raiders were taken by surprise, fired ..
.. occupied positions on either flank. These positions were carved out of rock, were well camouflaged and held by 60 men each. One company of 1 Patiala assaulted each position in the grey light of dawn at 0530Hr.
The raiders were taken by surprise, fired ..
#2dayIn1948
.. wildly in all directions and soon fled in disorder. The remnants were mopped up and the Indian troops could clearly be seen "bayoneting out the hiding enemy as if on a fox-hunt".
After this attack, nearly a score of dead raiders were counted on the ..
.. wildly in all directions and soon fled in disorder. The remnants were mopped up and the Indian troops could clearly be seen "bayoneting out the hiding enemy as if on a fox-hunt".
After this attack, nearly a score of dead raiders were counted on the ..
#2dayIn1948
.. hillsides and much booty was captured, including a 3.7-inch howitzer complete with accessories and instruments - the first artillery piece captured intact in the campaign - along with two Bren guns and plenty of ammo.
The advance continued.
.. hillsides and much booty was captured, including a 3.7-inch howitzer complete with accessories and instruments - the first artillery piece captured intact in the campaign - along with two Bren guns and plenty of ammo.
The advance continued.
#2dayIn1948
One company of 1 Patiala, supported by mortars, MMGs and tanks, attacked Machhoi itself and captured it by 1345Hr. Another company passed through and occupied the next hill at 1600Hr. The advance thus covered 10 km on 02 Nov, and the most ..
One company of 1 Patiala, supported by mortars, MMGs and tanks, attacked Machhoi itself and captured it by 1345Hr. Another company passed through and occupied the next hill at 1600Hr. The advance thus covered 10 km on 02 Nov, and the most ..
#2dayIn1948
.. difficult stretch was left behind.
A conference of the senior officers of 77 Para Brigade was held at Machhoi soon after its capture on 02 Nov. The administrative and supply arrangements were finalized, and Brig Atal gave his orders for the advance to continue.
.. difficult stretch was left behind.
A conference of the senior officers of 77 Para Brigade was held at Machhoi soon after its capture on 02 Nov. The administrative and supply arrangements were finalized, and Brig Atal gave his orders for the advance to continue.
#2dayIn1948
4 Rajput and 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles were to come up to Machhoi by the next morning, and 1 Patiala was to advance that afternoon and capture the Island Feature, after which the Rajputs were to push on to Matayan.
4 Rajput and 1/5 Royal Gorkha Rifles were to come up to Machhoi by the next morning, and 1 Patiala was to advance that afternoon and capture the Island Feature, after which the Rajputs were to push on to Matayan.
#2dayIn1948
Lt Gen Shrinagesh and Maj Gen Thimayya visited Machhoi to encourage the forward troops and to satisfy themselves about the arrangements for next stage of the advance.
According to the plan, 1 Patiala resumed advance from Machhoi in the afternoon.
Lt Gen Shrinagesh and Maj Gen Thimayya visited Machhoi to encourage the forward troops and to satisfy themselves about the arrangements for next stage of the advance.
According to the plan, 1 Patiala resumed advance from Machhoi in the afternoon.
#2dayIn1948
The 'Patialas' crushed all resistance with hte help of guns, mortars and MMGs, and captured the Island Feature by 1920Hr. The Rajputs pushed through immediately.
The 'Patialas' crushed all resistance with hte help of guns, mortars and MMGs, and captured the Island Feature by 1920Hr. The Rajputs pushed through immediately.
#2dayIn1948
The Rajputs occupied Matayan and advanced some distance by morning. By afternoon, 1/5 RGR and two companies of 1 Patiala also concentrated at Matayan.
The advance of 77 Para Brigade had reached a point just short of Pindras. But then it came ..
The Rajputs occupied Matayan and advanced some distance by morning. By afternoon, 1/5 RGR and two companies of 1 Patiala also concentrated at Matayan.
The advance of 77 Para Brigade had reached a point just short of Pindras. But then it came ..
#2dayIn1948
.. against a series of very formidable positions. Towering above the little village of Pindras was Batkundi Hill, with its peak 5102m high. Batkundi formed the left flank of the track to Dras, the long ridge running eastwards from the peak being ..
.. against a series of very formidable positions. Towering above the little village of Pindras was Batkundi Hill, with its peak 5102m high. Batkundi formed the left flank of the track to Dras, the long ridge running eastwards from the peak being ..
#2dayIn1948
.. divided into Kumar and Anant sectors.
The entire range from Pt. 16741 to Pt. 12967 presented the aspect almost of a sheer rock-wall. Even the veterans of 77 Para Brigade couldn't scale to the top of this ridge, except through a few narrow gullies ..
.. divided into Kumar and Anant sectors.
The entire range from Pt. 16741 to Pt. 12967 presented the aspect almost of a sheer rock-wall. Even the veterans of 77 Para Brigade couldn't scale to the top of this ridge, except through a few narrow gullies ..
#2dayIn1948
.. and rock-slides, at which converged the fire of all the enemy's MMGs and light automatics. The raiders had constructed their bunkers on the top of the ridge, invulnerable to arty or tank fire. These positions commanded the entire route from ..
.. and rock-slides, at which converged the fire of all the enemy's MMGs and light automatics. The raiders had constructed their bunkers on the top of the ridge, invulnerable to arty or tank fire. These positions commanded the entire route from ..
#2dayIn1948
.. Pindras almost upto Dras and no force could advance along the track till these positions were captured. To the South of the track rose another great mountain range, but fortunately it was too high and cold for even the Gilgit raiders to occupy in ..
.. Pindras almost upto Dras and no force could advance along the track till these positions were captured. To the South of the track rose another great mountain range, but fortunately it was too high and cold for even the Gilgit raiders to occupy in ..
#2dayIn1948
.. strength.
Their first rush on 04 Nov carried the Rajputs to the lower slopes of Batkundi, and a firm position was established there. Along the main track, the limit of advance that day was approx 2 km short of Pindras. The hostiles had their main ..
.. strength.
Their first rush on 04 Nov carried the Rajputs to the lower slopes of Batkundi, and a firm position was established there. Along the main track, the limit of advance that day was approx 2 km short of Pindras. The hostiles had their main ..
#2dayIn1948
.. positions on Batkundi, and on the main track, where there used to be a bridge which they had destroyed. These defensive positions were backed by others on Pt. 12967.
.. positions on Batkundi, and on the main track, where there used to be a bridge which they had destroyed. These defensive positions were backed by others on Pt. 12967.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in Chhamb, at 1645Hr, enemy 25 Pounders started shelling the camp area of Indian troops. Six to eight shells landed at a time, after intervals of two to three minutes. Indian arty couldn't immediately engage the enemy guns, as their exact ..
Meanwhile in Chhamb, at 1645Hr, enemy 25 Pounders started shelling the camp area of Indian troops. Six to eight shells landed at a time, after intervals of two to three minutes. Indian arty couldn't immediately engage the enemy guns, as their exact ..
#2dayIn1948
.. location was not known. Heavy shelling went on until 2030Hr. During those four hours, enemy fired 100+ shells in the camp area and 200+ on the outlying villages. After the shelling ceased, enemy engaged the Indian picquet with LMGs and rifles from ..
.. location was not known. Heavy shelling went on until 2030Hr. During those four hours, enemy fired 100+ shells in the camp area and 200+ on the outlying villages. After the shelling ceased, enemy engaged the Indian picquet with LMGs and rifles from ..
#2dayIn1948
.. long range, firing about 6000 rounds of ammo. At the same time, the J&K Militia posts were shelled from Munawwar. Shelling in this area was followed by an attack by two companies, supported by 3-inch mortars and MMGs. This attack developed at ..
.. long range, firing about 6000 rounds of ammo. At the same time, the J&K Militia posts were shelled from Munawwar. Shelling in this area was followed by an attack by two companies, supported by 3-inch mortars and MMGs. This attack developed at ..
#2dayIn1948
.. 2330Hr but was beaten back.
.. 2330Hr but was beaten back.
#2dayIn1948
Coming on to Ladakh, it was indeed a stalemate till 31 Oct, with neither side being able to force a decision. Col Parab had nearly two battalions under his command, and he was being called Commander, Leh Brigade, though this was mainly to deceive the enemy.
Coming on to Ladakh, it was indeed a stalemate till 31 Oct, with neither side being able to force a decision. Col Parab had nearly two battalions under his command, and he was being called Commander, Leh Brigade, though this was mainly to deceive the enemy.
#2dayIn1948
Still, he was unable to overcome the few hundred enemy troops opposing him. It is possible that he was deliberately holding his hand, so as to keep the raiders in Ladakh well away from the Zoji La area, where crucial ops were ..
Still, he was unable to overcome the few hundred enemy troops opposing him. It is possible that he was deliberately holding his hand, so as to keep the raiders in Ladakh well away from the Zoji La area, where crucial ops were ..
#2dayIn1948
.. under progress; but no documentary evidence appears to show this. However, the Zoji La thrust was, at long last, successful, and 77 Para Brigade pushed thru towards Machhoi and Dras on 01 Nov, as described earlier.
With the success of that distant ..
.. under progress; but no documentary evidence appears to show this. However, the Zoji La thrust was, at long last, successful, and 77 Para Brigade pushed thru towards Machhoi and Dras on 01 Nov, as described earlier.
With the success of that distant ..
#2dayIn1948
.. operation, liberation of Ladakh was assured.
However, it seems that the raiders around Ladakh didn't quite realize it it yet!
On 01 Nov, heavy rifle fire was poured out by them, though the Indian troops in their well protected positions didn't suffer any casualty.
.. operation, liberation of Ladakh was assured.
However, it seems that the raiders around Ladakh didn't quite realize it it yet!
On 01 Nov, heavy rifle fire was poured out by them, though the Indian troops in their well protected positions didn't suffer any casualty.
#2dayIn1948
The next day, firing and shelling continued and the 4.2-inch mortars, recently arrived at Leh, lobbed their big HE bombs at the raiders' HQ in Nimu Dak Bungalow.
After the destruction of their 3.7-inch mortars by ..
The next day, firing and shelling continued and the 4.2-inch mortars, recently arrived at Leh, lobbed their big HE bombs at the raiders' HQ in Nimu Dak Bungalow.
After the destruction of their 3.7-inch mortars by ..
#2dayIn1948
.. Maj Hari Chand's men at Basgo, the raiders had nothing with which to reply to the Indian 4.2-inch mortars.
.. Maj Hari Chand's men at Basgo, the raiders had nothing with which to reply to the Indian 4.2-inch mortars.
#2dayIn1948
At the same time, the ops to relieve Poonch garrison were also going apace.
With the capture of Pir Badesar and Pir Kalewa, the stage was now set for the capture of Ramgarh Fort and Bhimbar Gali, preparatory to the capture of Mendhar and the advance to Poonch.
At the same time, the ops to relieve Poonch garrison were also going apace.
With the capture of Pir Badesar and Pir Kalewa, the stage was now set for the capture of Ramgarh Fort and Bhimbar Gali, preparatory to the capture of Mendhar and the advance to Poonch.
#2dayIn1948
Brig Yadunath Singh, Commander Durga Force, planned to make two brigades converge at Bhimbar Gali - 5 Brigade group, operating from Pir Kalewa and securing Pt. 6980 to Bhimbar Gali and 19 Brigade Group capturing Pt. 6944 to Pt. 6360, while ..
Brig Yadunath Singh, Commander Durga Force, planned to make two brigades converge at Bhimbar Gali - 5 Brigade group, operating from Pir Kalewa and securing Pt. 6980 to Bhimbar Gali and 19 Brigade Group capturing Pt. 6944 to Pt. 6360, while ..
#2dayIn1948
.. the role of the third brigade, the Rajauri Brigade, was that of protecting the left flank of the two attacking columns.
.. the role of the third brigade, the Rajauri Brigade, was that of protecting the left flank of the two attacking columns.
#2dayIn1948
It was to start Phase 1 of the op by capturing Pt. 4844, Ramgarh Fort and Pt. 6480. One troop of Central India Horse and a battery ex 17 Field Regiment were in support of the brigade for the operation.
It was to start Phase 1 of the op by capturing Pt. 4844, Ramgarh Fort and Pt. 6480. One troop of Central India Horse and a battery ex 17 Field Regiment were in support of the brigade for the operation.
#2dayIn1948
6/8 GR, which was detailed to carry out Phase 1 of the operation advanced on the night of 04 Nov.
6/8 GR, which was detailed to carry out Phase 1 of the operation advanced on the night of 04 Nov.
#2dayIn1948
'B' Company attacked & captured Pt. 4642 at 0400Hr this day, without opposition. 'C' Company then swept through Village Naghun and launched an attack on the main feature, Pt. 4844. The attack was so fast & sudden that the company was within 18m of its ..
'B' Company attacked & captured Pt. 4642 at 0400Hr this day, without opposition. 'C' Company then swept through Village Naghun and launched an attack on the main feature, Pt. 4844. The attack was so fast & sudden that the company was within 18m of its ..
#2dayIn1948
.. objective before the enemy started firing.
Unfortunately their arty support failed at this critical moment, as the wireless set suddenly went out of order. This resulted in the loss of a precious hour when no arty or tank fire was available.
.. objective before the enemy started firing.
Unfortunately their arty support failed at this critical moment, as the wireless set suddenly went out of order. This resulted in the loss of a precious hour when no arty or tank fire was available.
#2dayIn1948
As a result, the troops were forced to withdraw about 360m. After communication was restored & enemy positions thoroughly plastered by own arty and tank fire, the Gorkhas made a spirited charge and captured the feature at 0900Hr.
As a result, the troops were forced to withdraw about 360m. After communication was restored & enemy positions thoroughly plastered by own arty and tank fire, the Gorkhas made a spirited charge and captured the feature at 0900Hr.
#2dayIn1948
An hour later, 'B' and 'D' Companies moved forward to attack Pt. 4700. These two companies had to fight their way through a jungle area between Pt. 4844 and Pt. 4700, which was reinforced by the enemy.
By 1720Hr, 'B' Company had captured Pt. 4700 & 'D' Company ..
An hour later, 'B' and 'D' Companies moved forward to attack Pt. 4700. These two companies had to fight their way through a jungle area between Pt. 4844 and Pt. 4700, which was reinforced by the enemy.
By 1720Hr, 'B' Company had captured Pt. 4700 & 'D' Company ..
#2dayIn1948
..had established a picquet in the area after clearing it of enemy.
2/2 Punjab now prepared to carry out its task of capturing Ramgarh Fort & Pt. 6480. A section of MMGs was under command & a troop each of field guns and tanks in support of the unit.
..had established a picquet in the area after clearing it of enemy.
2/2 Punjab now prepared to carry out its task of capturing Ramgarh Fort & Pt. 6480. A section of MMGs was under command & a troop each of field guns and tanks in support of the unit.
#2dayIn1948
In Chhamb, which was the centre of excessive attention of enemy for past 12hrs, at 0630Hr, RIAF aircraft tried to locate and and destroy the enemy gun position which had caused much nuisance. But they failed to do so as the enemy had apparently ..
In Chhamb, which was the centre of excessive attention of enemy for past 12hrs, at 0630Hr, RIAF aircraft tried to locate and and destroy the enemy gun position which had caused much nuisance. But they failed to do so as the enemy had apparently ..
#2dayIn1948
.. withdrawn the guns into Pakistan - Munawwar & Koel being quite near the border of J&K State with Pakistan.
.. withdrawn the guns into Pakistan - Munawwar & Koel being quite near the border of J&K State with Pakistan.
#2dayIn1948
Across the Zoji La, Brig Atal ordered 4 Rajput and 1/5 RGR to attack Batkundi and Pt. 12967 respectively. But the hilltop positions were not to be so easily conquered. The Rajputs found Batkundi unscaleable, and the few possible approaches ..
Across the Zoji La, Brig Atal ordered 4 Rajput and 1/5 RGR to attack Batkundi and Pt. 12967 respectively. But the hilltop positions were not to be so easily conquered. The Rajputs found Batkundi unscaleable, and the few possible approaches ..
#2dayIn1948
.. well covered with automatic fire. They came back unsuccessful.
The attack on Pt. 12967 also failed. The Gorkhas easily crossed the stream at night and occupied a base position near Pindras, then stealthily crept up on Pt. 12967. Suddenly, one ..
.. well covered with automatic fire. They came back unsuccessful.
The attack on Pt. 12967 also failed. The Gorkhas easily crossed the stream at night and occupied a base position near Pindras, then stealthily crept up on Pt. 12967. Suddenly, one ..
#2dayIn1948
.. of the two leading companies found itself within a few metres of an enemy position. It lay low, not willing to disclose its arrival to the enemy. Meanwhile it was getting late and Battalion HQ was urgently calling its troops over the wireless.
.. of the two leading companies found itself within a few metres of an enemy position. It lay low, not willing to disclose its arrival to the enemy. Meanwhile it was getting late and Battalion HQ was urgently calling its troops over the wireless.
#2dayIn1948
However, this company didn't reply for fear of betraying its position.
Feeling that the attack had miscarried, Lt Col Pathania ordered his men to fall back. With the supporting companies having withdrawn, this company too was forced to do the same.
However, this company didn't reply for fear of betraying its position.
Feeling that the attack had miscarried, Lt Col Pathania ordered his men to fall back. With the supporting companies having withdrawn, this company too was forced to do the same.
#2dayIn1948
A second attempt was made for capture of Pt. 12967. 1 Patiala, led by Lt Col Sukhdev Singh, MC, marched out at night. Earlier patrols had reported that the Western portion of Batkundi was quite impossible to climb from the South.
A second attempt was made for capture of Pt. 12967. 1 Patiala, led by Lt Col Sukhdev Singh, MC, marched out at night. Earlier patrols had reported that the Western portion of Batkundi was quite impossible to climb from the South.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in Leh, Indian mortars had destroyed an MMG nest and scored two direct hits on the raiders' positions in Nimu a day earlier. This day, Indian patrols went forward towards Lasirmou Peak (Pt. 18270), and to a point near the junction of the ..
Meanwhile in Leh, Indian mortars had destroyed an MMG nest and scored two direct hits on the raiders' positions in Nimu a day earlier. This day, Indian patrols went forward towards Lasirmou Peak (Pt. 18270), and to a point near the junction of the ..
#2dayin1948
.. Indus and Zanskar rivers, about 3km from Nimu.
.. Indus and Zanskar rivers, about 3km from Nimu.
#2dayIn1948
In Jhangar, having secured Pir Badesar, 268 Brigade consolidated its positions and then on this day, carried out 'Op Button' for clearing enemy from Pt. 3782. Enemy was holding Tain and Tain Ridge, and had put MMGs in bunkers on the forward slopes of Pt. 3782.
In Jhangar, having secured Pir Badesar, 268 Brigade consolidated its positions and then on this day, carried out 'Op Button' for clearing enemy from Pt. 3782. Enemy was holding Tain and Tain Ridge, and had put MMGs in bunkers on the forward slopes of Pt. 3782.
#2dayIn1948
His guns could reach up to Giran. On 5 Nov, therefore, Commander 268 Brigade had ordered 2 Rajput to capture
Pt. 3782. The operation commenced at 0430Hr this day.
The Rajputs secured their immediate objectives against enemy opposition.
His guns could reach up to Giran. On 5 Nov, therefore, Commander 268 Brigade had ordered 2 Rajput to capture
Pt. 3782. The operation commenced at 0430Hr this day.
The Rajputs secured their immediate objectives against enemy opposition.
#2dayIn1948
Then thrice, at 0920, 1105 and 1130Hr, enemy tried to advance from Pind Pail under cover of 3-inch mortar fire to drive out out the Indian troops from the features they had secured. The attacks were repulsed with heavy losses to the hostiles, with 37 of them killed.
Then thrice, at 0920, 1105 and 1130Hr, enemy tried to advance from Pind Pail under cover of 3-inch mortar fire to drive out out the Indian troops from the features they had secured. The attacks were repulsed with heavy losses to the hostiles, with 37 of them killed.
#2dayIn1948
They, however, continued to shell furiously the forward positions. Enemy 25-pounders fired 100 shells and 3-inch mortars fired 200 bombs.
In face of this murderous fire it was futile to move forward to secure Pt.3782.
They, however, continued to shell furiously the forward positions. Enemy 25-pounders fired 100 shells and 3-inch mortars fired 200 bombs.
In face of this murderous fire it was futile to move forward to secure Pt.3782.
#2dayIn1948
Therefore, at 1800Hr the Indian troops pulled out from the forward positions. 2 Rajput wasn't strong enough to dislodge the enemy from his stronghold on Pt. 3872. The operation was, however, in any case merely a diversion undertaken in Jhangar sector to screen the ..
Therefore, at 1800Hr the Indian troops pulled out from the forward positions. 2 Rajput wasn't strong enough to dislodge the enemy from his stronghold on Pt. 3872. The operation was, however, in any case merely a diversion undertaken in Jhangar sector to screen the ..
#2dayin1948
.. main advance of the column to Poonch, wherein 2/2 Punjab was poised to carry out its task of capturing Ramgarh Fort and Pt. 6480.
This evening, the unit began its advance.
.. main advance of the column to Poonch, wherein 2/2 Punjab was poised to carry out its task of capturing Ramgarh Fort and Pt. 6480.
This evening, the unit began its advance.
#2dayIn1948
Tithwal too saw renewal of fighting after a few weeks spent by 163 Brigade consolidating its positions. The Brigade undertook an operation to capture Pt. 9013 - an enemy stronghold. A column known as Bachi Column, consisting of two platoons ..
Tithwal too saw renewal of fighting after a few weeks spent by 163 Brigade consolidating its positions. The Brigade undertook an operation to capture Pt. 9013 - an enemy stronghold. A column known as Bachi Column, consisting of two platoons ..
#2dayIn1948
.. of 3 Jat and two platoons of 3 Royal Garhwal Rifles, set out at 1100Hr to clear the enemy from Pt. 9013.
.. of 3 Jat and two platoons of 3 Royal Garhwal Rifles, set out at 1100Hr to clear the enemy from Pt. 9013.
#2dayIn1948
The enemy, however, had reinforced the position with MMGs and 3-inch mortars, and own troops returned, unsuccessful, at 1600Hr this day.
The enemy, however, had reinforced the position with MMGs and 3-inch mortars, and own troops returned, unsuccessful, at 1600Hr this day.
#2dayIn1948
In conformity with earlier patrol reports, attacking troops of 1 Patiala also found Batkundi impossible to climb from South, except for a few narrow gullies which were swept with heavy machine gun fire. 1 Patiala, therefore, could do no more than ..
In conformity with earlier patrol reports, attacking troops of 1 Patiala also found Batkundi impossible to climb from South, except for a few narrow gullies which were swept with heavy machine gun fire. 1 Patiala, therefore, could do no more than ..
#2dayIn1948
.. 4 Rajput had accomplished earlier, and the hostiles in Batkundi remained unmolested.
.. 4 Rajput had accomplished earlier, and the hostiles in Batkundi remained unmolested.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile at the other end of the theatre, 'A' Company 2/2 Punjab secured Three Pimples feature while 'B' Company secured Makot Tekri by 0600Hr without opposition, as part of their operation to capture Ramgarh Fort.
Meanwhile at the other end of the theatre, 'A' Company 2/2 Punjab secured Three Pimples feature while 'B' Company secured Makot Tekri by 0600Hr without opposition, as part of their operation to capture Ramgarh Fort.
#2dayIn1948
'D' Company, followed by 'C' Company then moved forward to capture Niganar feature. When the leading troops were approx 360m from their objective, the enemy opened up with four MMGs and about six LMGs.
'D' Company, followed by 'C' Company then moved forward to capture Niganar feature. When the leading troops were approx 360m from their objective, the enemy opened up with four MMGs and about six LMGs.
#2dayIn1948
Arty fire was directed against the enemy and under its cover, 'A' Company launched an attack from the left flank to distract enemy attention while 'D' & 'C' Companies made a frontal attack.
Arty fire was directed against the enemy and under its cover, 'A' Company launched an attack from the left flank to distract enemy attention while 'D' & 'C' Companies made a frontal attack.
#2dayIn1948
For the next four hours, the troops struggled hard to overcome enemy opposition. It was only at 1120Hr that the enemy was finally forced to withdraw and the feature was occupied by the men of 2/2 Punjab.
'C' Company then put in an attack on ..
For the next four hours, the troops struggled hard to overcome enemy opposition. It was only at 1120Hr that the enemy was finally forced to withdraw and the feature was occupied by the men of 2/2 Punjab.
'C' Company then put in an attack on ..
#2dayIn1948
.. Pt. 4956 and occupied it after considerable opposition. The positions could not be consolidated till 1500Hr. Further advance towards Ramgarh on the same day was considered to be unwise on account of replenishment difficulties.
.. Pt. 4956 and occupied it after considerable opposition. The positions could not be consolidated till 1500Hr. Further advance towards Ramgarh on the same day was considered to be unwise on account of replenishment difficulties.
#2dayIn1948
The battalion, therefore, harboured for the night. During the first day of this operation, it suffered two fatal and two non fatal casualties.
The battalion, therefore, harboured for the night. During the first day of this operation, it suffered two fatal and two non fatal casualties.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile in the same sector, 5 Brigade Group and 19 Brigade Group were engaged in the task of capturing Bhimber Gali. The task of 5 Brigade Group was to capture Pt. 6911 and Pt. 6980, with a view to secure the right flank from Pt. 6407 to Bhimber Gali.
Meanwhile in the same sector, 5 Brigade Group and 19 Brigade Group were engaged in the task of capturing Bhimber Gali. The task of 5 Brigade Group was to capture Pt. 6911 and Pt. 6980, with a view to secure the right flank from Pt. 6407 to Bhimber Gali.
#2dayIn1948
One company of 3/9 GR, one company J&K troops and 'A' Company 3 Mahar were tasked, with 36 Field Battery and section 5 Mountain Battery were in support of the Brigade.
One company of 3/9 GR, one company J&K troops and 'A' Company 3 Mahar were tasked, with 36 Field Battery and section 5 Mountain Battery were in support of the Brigade.
#2dayIn1948
Following elements ex RIAF were also available as part of air support:-
1. No 10 Squadron (Tempests)
2. No 12 Squadron (Transport) (Dakotas)
3. No 1 AOP (RFT) (Austers - 1 Plane)
Following elements ex RIAF were also available as part of air support:-
1. No 10 Squadron (Tempests)
2. No 12 Squadron (Transport) (Dakotas)
3. No 1 AOP (RFT) (Austers - 1 Plane)
#2dayIn1948
Under cover of air & arty support the leading companies of 1/4 GR captured Pt. 6911 at 1030Hr. 4 Madras, who were following closely behind, advanced at 1200Hr to their objective, Pt. 6980, under cover of an arty barrage & captured it by 1330Hr after slight opposition.
Under cover of air & arty support the leading companies of 1/4 GR captured Pt. 6911 at 1030Hr. 4 Madras, who were following closely behind, advanced at 1200Hr to their objective, Pt. 6980, under cover of an arty barrage & captured it by 1330Hr after slight opposition.
#2dayin1948
Thus, 5 Brigade Group easily carried out its assigned task of capturing Pts. 6911 and 6980, thereby securing the right flank of Bhimber Gali.
The left flank of Bhimber Gali was to be secured by 19 Brigade Group.
Thus, 5 Brigade Group easily carried out its assigned task of capturing Pts. 6911 and 6980, thereby securing the right flank of Bhimber Gali.
The left flank of Bhimber Gali was to be secured by 19 Brigade Group.
#2dayin1948
Its task was to capture the ridge from Pt. 6944 to Pt. 6360. 45 Field Battery less a troop, was in support of the Brigade. The same air support was also available.
1(Para) Kumaon had started climbing the feature, Pt. 6307, after crossing the Nala at 2100Hr last night.
Its task was to capture the ridge from Pt. 6944 to Pt. 6360. 45 Field Battery less a troop, was in support of the Brigade. The same air support was also available.
1(Para) Kumaon had started climbing the feature, Pt. 6307, after crossing the Nala at 2100Hr last night.
#2dayIn1948
Advance went on smoothly yet slowly on account of very rough country and steep climbing up to Dori Dhara, where 'A' Company, the leading company, came under heavy fire from enemy automatics and rifles from Mangalvar. The company made ..
Advance went on smoothly yet slowly on account of very rough country and steep climbing up to Dori Dhara, where 'A' Company, the leading company, came under heavy fire from enemy automatics and rifles from Mangalvar. The company made ..
#2dayIn1948
.. a spirited charge and secured Mangalvar by 0110Hr.
Enemy offered resistance from four other tactical features. But all such resistance was overcome and Pt. 6307, the objective, secured by 0600Hr. The battalion suffered two fatal and 20 non fatal casualties.
.. a spirited charge and secured Mangalvar by 0110Hr.
Enemy offered resistance from four other tactical features. But all such resistance was overcome and Pt. 6307, the objective, secured by 0600Hr. The battalion suffered two fatal and 20 non fatal casualties.
#2dayIn1948
Lt Col Dharam Singh, the Commanding Officer, earned a Maha Vir Chakra for bold and daring leadership.
Lt Col Dharam Singh, the Commanding Officer, earned a Maha Vir Chakra for bold and daring leadership.
#2dayIn1948
Now 2 Raj Rif, less 'B' Company, passed through 1 (Para) Kumaon positions at Pt. 6307 at 1155Hr in order to capture Pt. 6274. The advance of 'C' Company, leading the attack, was held up by heavy enemy fire. Under cover of arty and 3-inch mortar ..
Now 2 Raj Rif, less 'B' Company, passed through 1 (Para) Kumaon positions at Pt. 6307 at 1155Hr in order to capture Pt. 6274. The advance of 'C' Company, leading the attack, was held up by heavy enemy fire. Under cover of arty and 3-inch mortar ..
#2dayIn1948
.. concentration on Pt. 6274, the company attacked and captured the feature at the point of the bayonet at 1359Hr. 'D' Company then swept forward to attack a ring contour which was secured at 1405Hr. The enemy continued to snipe and mortar the ..
.. concentration on Pt. 6274, the company attacked and captured the feature at the point of the bayonet at 1359Hr. 'D' Company then swept forward to attack a ring contour which was secured at 1405Hr. The enemy continued to snipe and mortar the ..
#2dayIn1948
.. battalion's positions from Pt. 6944.
1/2 Punjab, however, soon brought the situation under control by attacking and capturing the offending position at 1800Hr.
.. battalion's positions from Pt. 6944.
1/2 Punjab, however, soon brought the situation under control by attacking and capturing the offending position at 1800Hr.
#2dayIn1948
Thus ended the day for the Indian Army in J&K.
They had indeed come a long way from the day they had commenced this epic campaign just over a year ago. Now as the second winter came to a close, Pakistan had been ..
Thus ended the day for the Indian Army in J&K.
They had indeed come a long way from the day they had commenced this epic campaign just over a year ago. Now as the second winter came to a close, Pakistan had been ..
#2dayin1948
.. forced to openly acknowledge induction of its regular forces along with the 'raiders' (a template that continues to this day, btw).
.. forced to openly acknowledge induction of its regular forces along with the 'raiders' (a template that continues to this day, btw).
#2dayIn1948
Yet, it was the Indian Army that had wrested initiative and was dictating terms in the campaign, by offensives all across the theatre.
Yet, it was the Indian Army that had wrested initiative and was dictating terms in the campaign, by offensives all across the theatre.
#2dayIn1948
It is a testimony to the caliber of the senior officers orchestrating campaign that they didn't overreach and set goals that were practical and achievable with the force levels available to them.
It is a testimony to the caliber of the senior officers orchestrating campaign that they didn't overreach and set goals that were practical and achievable with the force levels available to them.
#2dayIn1948
In Leh, Maj Hari Chand returned with his commandos after nearly two weeks on the prowl. They had pulled off yet another daring operation. Having crossed the Zanskar River on 28 Oct, they made their way undetected up to Lamayuru and laid an ambush on the main track.
In Leh, Maj Hari Chand returned with his commandos after nearly two weeks on the prowl. They had pulled off yet another daring operation. Having crossed the Zanskar River on 28 Oct, they made their way undetected up to Lamayuru and laid an ambush on the main track.
#2dayIn1948
They trapped a large supply convoy of 20 ponies carrying 12000 rounds of small arms ammo, 106 bombs of 3-inch mortar and a large amount of clothing. About 20 of the raiders escorting the convoy were killed, one was made prisoner, the ..
They trapped a large supply convoy of 20 ponies carrying 12000 rounds of small arms ammo, 106 bombs of 3-inch mortar and a large amount of clothing. About 20 of the raiders escorting the convoy were killed, one was made prisoner, the ..
#2dayIn1948
.. entire load of ammo was destroyed and the clothing distributed to local villagers. The guerillas or commandos re-crossed the Zanskar River and reached back safely, bringing back five rifles and four ponies with them.
By now, the raiders must have been ..
.. entire load of ammo was destroyed and the clothing distributed to local villagers. The guerillas or commandos re-crossed the Zanskar River and reached back safely, bringing back five rifles and four ponies with them.
By now, the raiders must have been ..
#2dayIn1948
.. getting worried about the danger to their line of communication through Kargil and Marol.
77 Para Brigade had smashed their strong defences in the Zoji La defile, and Matayan had fallen on 04 Nov. Dras was threatened, and the raiders in Ladakh ..
.. getting worried about the danger to their line of communication through Kargil and Marol.
77 Para Brigade had smashed their strong defences in the Zoji La defile, and Matayan had fallen on 04 Nov. Dras was threatened, and the raiders in Ladakh ..
#2dayIn1948
..must retreat before the door closed behind them with the recapture of Kargil & Marol.
Anticipating exactly this contingency, HQ Sri Div had ordered Col Parab on 08 Nov to keep in firm contact with the enemy & to be prepared to pursue up to Khalatse ..
..must retreat before the door closed behind them with the recapture of Kargil & Marol.
Anticipating exactly this contingency, HQ Sri Div had ordered Col Parab on 08 Nov to keep in firm contact with the enemy & to be prepared to pursue up to Khalatse ..
#2dayIn1948
.. with a force of two companies. Commander Leh Brigade, issued his Operation Order No 1 this day. It provided for a pursuit of the raiders from Tharu to Khalatse, for which purpose two detachments of troops were formed, named 'X Company' and ..
.. with a force of two companies. Commander Leh Brigade, issued his Operation Order No 1 this day. It provided for a pursuit of the raiders from Tharu to Khalatse, for which purpose two detachments of troops were formed, named 'X Company' and ..
#2dayIn1948
.. 'Y Company' respectively. Each of these companies consisted of three platoons, and the column was placed under the command of Maj RC Mathur. These two companies were to be in readiness by morning of 10 Nov 1948.
.. 'Y Company' respectively. Each of these companies consisted of three platoons, and the column was placed under the command of Maj RC Mathur. These two companies were to be in readiness by morning of 10 Nov 1948.
#2dayIn1948
Near Pindras, however, the advance remained halted after the failed attempt on Batkundi on a day earlier. Winter was already there, and heavy snowfall could stop the operations any day. The weather in the first week of Nov had remained frosty and ..
Near Pindras, however, the advance remained halted after the failed attempt on Batkundi on a day earlier. Winter was already there, and heavy snowfall could stop the operations any day. The weather in the first week of Nov had remained frosty and ..
#2dayIn1948
.. clear, but the great freeze-up would not be long delayed, & Dras and Kargil had to be captured before that.
Lt Gen Cariappa sent a signal to Maj Gen Thimayya this day, asking about the progress of the advance and exhorting all troops to hurry on.
.. clear, but the great freeze-up would not be long delayed, & Dras and Kargil had to be captured before that.
Lt Gen Cariappa sent a signal to Maj Gen Thimayya this day, asking about the progress of the advance and exhorting all troops to hurry on.
#2dayIn1948
But after the failure of the attack of 1 Patiala a day earlier, it was decided to use tanks against Pindras position also.
But after the failure of the attack of 1 Patiala a day earlier, it was decided to use tanks against Pindras position also.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, enroute to Poonch in Ramgarh area, 'A' Company 2/2 Punjab left the night harbour area and occupied Harjilali Ring Contour by 0700Hr against minor opposition. 'B' and 'D' Companies now prepared to attack Lambi Bari Ridge, an enemy stronghold.
Meanwhile, enroute to Poonch in Ramgarh area, 'A' Company 2/2 Punjab left the night harbour area and occupied Harjilali Ring Contour by 0700Hr against minor opposition. 'B' and 'D' Companies now prepared to attack Lambi Bari Ridge, an enemy stronghold.
#2dayIn1948
Luckily RIAF aircraft came over at exactly 0700Hr and softened up the position. Meanwhile the two companies were gradually advancing towards the top, supported by fire of two 3-inch mortars and a section of MMGs from the flanks.
Luckily RIAF aircraft came over at exactly 0700Hr and softened up the position. Meanwhile the two companies were gradually advancing towards the top, supported by fire of two 3-inch mortars and a section of MMGs from the flanks.
#2dayIn1948
After the aircraft had finished their job, arty put up a concentrated barrage, followed by a spirited bayonet charge by the troops which drove the enemy out of his well prepared positions. Lambi Bari Ridge was captured at 0900Hr. 'C' Company then advanced ..
After the aircraft had finished their job, arty put up a concentrated barrage, followed by a spirited bayonet charge by the troops which drove the enemy out of his well prepared positions. Lambi Bari Ridge was captured at 0900Hr. 'C' Company then advanced ..
#2dayIn1948
.. to secure the ridge stretching between Lambi Bari and Ramgarh Fort. The aircraft came again at 1000Hr and strafed & rocketed the fort and surrounding features. Arty fire was again directed on known enemy positions. After the enemy positions had been ..
.. to secure the ridge stretching between Lambi Bari and Ramgarh Fort. The aircraft came again at 1000Hr and strafed & rocketed the fort and surrounding features. Arty fire was again directed on known enemy positions. After the enemy positions had been ..
#2dayIn1948
.. softened, 'A' Company put in an attack on the fort from the left, and captured it at 1120Hr.
The battalion didn't suffer any casualty that day. It was a fine achievement, especially because the enemy was in considerable strength in this area, estimated at one ..
.. softened, 'A' Company put in an attack on the fort from the left, and captured it at 1120Hr.
The battalion didn't suffer any casualty that day. It was a fine achievement, especially because the enemy was in considerable strength in this area, estimated at one ..
#2dayIn1948
.. full brigade of enemy.
.. full brigade of enemy.
#2dayIn1948
Meanwhile, ops in Bhimber Gali area continued apace. At 1020Hr, 'A' Company 2 RajRif plus Tactical HQ, supported by one detachment mortars, passed through the positions of 1/2 Punjab to attack Pt. 6207. In spite of heavy enemy fire, the company ..
Meanwhile, ops in Bhimber Gali area continued apace. At 1020Hr, 'A' Company 2 RajRif plus Tactical HQ, supported by one detachment mortars, passed through the positions of 1/2 Punjab to attack Pt. 6207. In spite of heavy enemy fire, the company ..
#2dayIn1948
.. made a determined attack and captured the feature at 1145Hr.
The successful attacks by 5 and 19 Brigade Groups compelled the hostiles to pull out of Bhimber Gali area to Mendhar.
.. made a determined attack and captured the feature at 1145Hr.
The successful attacks by 5 and 19 Brigade Groups compelled the hostiles to pull out of Bhimber Gali area to Mendhar.
#2dayIn1948
Stage was now set for the advance to Mendhar, and thereon to Poonch!
Stage was now set for the advance to Mendhar, and thereon to Poonch!
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