Thread by @MSS3RosaFerreum

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip You point out, @SocialWorkerLSW, that "women make $.82 for every $1.00" a man makes (archive.ph/L5Cot), but do women (on average) work as much as men? …or might there be a #GenderedLaborGap that may explain that pay gap?

Shall we look at some data to see?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip If you add up both the unpaid labor and paid labor, on average, men work more total time than women creating a #GenderedLaborGap pursuant to (as an example) the @BLS_gov's 2017 American Time Use Survey (bls.gov/news.release/a…) and @pewresearch data (pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch American Time Use Survey (with 2017 as an example) shows that women on average are not spending enough more time with their kids, doing chores, or anything else to justify women's lack of time working.

On average, men just work more in America (considering both paid and unpaid).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do the math:

Table 8A, column 1: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.31 2.34
Caring for household: 1.01 1.85
Work-related activities: 5.46 3.37
==========
Total: 7.78 7.56

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Now comparing the men from Table 8B to the women from Table 8C (where the youngest child is under 6):

Women care for and help household members 2.08 more hours per day than men in the most extreme case presented by Table 8A, but men work 6.43 hours more per day than women.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Similarly, comparing the men from Table 8B to the women from Table 8C (where the youngest child is under 6), women do household activities for 1.91 more hours per day than men in the most extreme case presented by Table 8A, but, again, men work 6.43 hours more per day than women.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do the math: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.26 3.17
Caring for household: 1.42 3.36
Work-related activities: 6.57 0.00
==========
Total: 9.25 6.53

Who is doing more?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch By comparing the men from Table 8B to the women from Table 8C (using the youngest child under 6 column), we see the situation where women are unemployed and spending the most time caring not only for the children but the whole family.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Other @BLS_gov data (see below) indicates that 61% of families have both parents employed (bls.gov/opub/ted/2017/…), but does not indicate whether the mothers are working full-time or part-time.

The American Time Use Survey does have an answer in Table 8B.

Let's check that out.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do the math:

Table 8B, column 1: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.23 1.90
Caring for household: 0.93 1.52
Work-related activities: 6.35 5.01
===========
Total: 8.51 8.43

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Maybe women are forced to stay home with their kids and that causes the gap. If true, women with no kids should be working the same amount as men in the workforce as there is no reason not to since there is no reason to be on call and no extra household or child care duties.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Let's do that math:

Table 8A, column 4: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.54 2.21
Caring for household: 0.07 0.07
Work-related activities: 4.11 2.83
===========
Total: 5.72 5.11

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Consider just workers:

Table 8B, column 4: Men: Women:
Household activities: 1.34 1.80
Caring for household: 0.04 0.05
Work-related activities: 6.17 5.29
===========
Total: 7.55 7.14

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Whether you consider all currently childless folks (Table 8A) or just the ones working (Table 8B), women spend less time on paid labor and related activities and women spend less time working considering both unpaid domestic labor and paid labor added together. The pattern holds.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Do women get paid less or work less, @SocialWorkerLSW?

"[O]nce we control only for one variable—hours worked—and compare men and women both working 40-hours per week in 2017, more than one-third of the raw 18.2% pay gap reported by the BLS disappears" (fee.org/articles/a-new…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch Did you know that “unmarried, childless women under 30 who live in cities” already out-earn men pursuant to @TIME Magazine (content.time.com/time/business/…), @usnews & World Report (usnews.com/debate-club/sh…), and @PolitiFact's @PunditFact (politifact.com/punditfact/sta…)?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact "What’s especially interesting is that women working 35-39 hours per week [in 2017] earned 107% of men’s earnings for those weekly hours, i.e., there was a 7% gender earnings gap in favor of female workers for that cohort" (fee.org/articles/a-new…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact According to the @BLS_gov, "[o]n the days they worked, employed men worked 49 minutes more than employed women. … However, even among full-time workers (those usually working 35 hours or more per week), men worked more per day than women—8.4 hours, compared with 7.9 hours."

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact Pursuant to @BLS_gov data in the American Time Use Survey, the average man is getting the equivalent of over 26½ (8-hour) days of experience more than the average woman is getting on the job (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact Dividing the total hours worked into 8-hour workdays, using the @BLS_gov data from the American Time Use Survey, it's almost as if men (on average) are working 13 months a year to women's less than 12 months per year (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

This adds up over time.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact Now, looking only at full-time workers, pursuant to @BLS_gov data in the American Time Use Survey, the average man is getting the equivalent of over 16 (8-hour) days of experience more than the average woman is getting on the job (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact Dividing the total hours worked into 8-hour workdays, using the @BLS_gov data from the American Time Use Survey, it's almost as if men (on average) are working nearly 12½ months a year to women's less than 12 (bls.gov/news.release/a…, p. 2).

Albeit slower, this adds up fast.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact Women being less productive than men (and that contributing to the pay gap) is apparently not news.

@LexyTopping writes "[m]en should work less and their employers and the government should help them to do so in order to close the gender pay gap" (google.com/amp/s/amp.theg…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping On page 5 of _The State of Pay: Demystifying the Gender Pay Gap_ (May 2018), Institute for Public Policy Research writes as part of their 3rd recommendation that "[c]hanging men’s working behaviour is a crucial component of closing the gender pay gap" (ippr.org/files/2018-05/…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping "To reduce the gender stratification of full and part-time roles, and reduce the maternity penalty, employers could… introduce dedicated, paid paternity leave…, to advertise roles as flexible by default, and to encourage men to partake in job share arrangements." Id., p. 5.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping The @IPPR continues stating that the pay gap "doesn’t take into account any of the drivers of different pay levels, such as age, qualifications, experience or seniority, or type of work" (ippr.org/files/2018-05/…, p. 6).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "As such, a firm-level gender pay gap does not indicate discriminatory practices, and is not unlawful" (ippr.org/files/2018-05/…, p. 6).

Is it reasonable to expect (and get) more pay than men (on average) despite working less than men (on average), @SocialWorkerLSW?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR One might reasonably ask why men are willing to work at paid employment longer hours (on average) than women.

Let's look at that data, @SocialWorkerLSW, shall we?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "[H]eterosexual couples were especially likely to marry if the man had high earnings. … [A]mong heterosexual couples, earnings between partners became more unequal as the couples transitioned from cohabitation to marriage" (web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rose…, p. 5).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "[W]ives’ high earnings were negatively associated with marital quality" (web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rose…, p. 19).

Consider that women initiate over 50% of the breakups and nearly 70% of the divorces (web.stanford.edu/~mrosenfe/Rose…, fig. 1, p. 34).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "[T]he data suggest that married women may sometimes stay out of the labor force so as to avoid a situation where they would become the primary breadwinner" (nber.org/papers/w19023.…, p. 20).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "[W]hen the wife earns more than the husband, the likelihood of divorce increases by about 6[%]… [and s]ince 12[%] of couples in the sample get divorced, this … implies that having the wife earn more than the husband increases the likelihood of divorce by 50[%]" (supra, p. 25).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR Additional research suggests that "husbands’ lack of full-time employment remains associated with marital instability" (asanet.org/sites/default/…, p. 717).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR Moreover, "fulfillment of the male-breadwinner role appears to be equally or more strongly associated with marital stability in more recent marriage cohorts" (asanet.org/sites/default/…, p. 717).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR Then, @SocialWorkerLSW, you complain about "all the sexual crimes women are subjected to" (archive.ph/L5Cot) as if this is a uniquely female victimhood experience. However, are women the overwhelming proportion of victims of sexual violence?

What does the data say?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR Consider “The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions” by feminist Lara Stemple and epidemiologist Ilan H. Meyer published in 2014 in the _American Journal of Public Health_, volume 104, issue 6, on pages e19–e26 (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "[F]ederal surveys detect a high prevalence of sexual victimization among men—in many circumstances similar to the prevalence found among women." Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

Contrary to what you imply, @SocialWorkerLSW.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "[I]n 2011[,] …the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), …found that men and women had a similar prevalence of nonconsensual sex in the previous 12 months (1.270 million women and 1.267 million men)."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR "However unintentionally, the CDC’s publications and the media coverage that followed instead highlighted female sexual victimization, reinforcing public perceptions that sexual victimization is primarily a women’s issue."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR What Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer are referring to can be seen in Table 1 from the September 5, 2014, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss…, p. 5).

@CDCgov doesn't think men can be "raped."

Thanks, @melliflora, for collecting and editing the graphic.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora Similarly, @CathyYoung63 writes: "[t]he CDC study … seems to support a radical feminist narrative that … America is a 'rape culture' saturated with misogynistic violence. But a closer look at the data … raises some surprising question[s] about gender, victimization, and bias."

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 "…[I]f the CDC figures are to be taken at face value, then we must also conclude that, far from being a product of patriarchal violence against women, 'rape culture' is a two-way street, with plenty of female perpetrators and male victims" (time.com/3393442/cdc-ra…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 And @CathyYoung63 continues: "if being made to penetrate someone was counted as rape—and why shouldn’t it be?—then the headlines could have focused on a truly sensational CDC finding: that women rape men as often as men rape women" (time.com/3393442/cdc-ra…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 According to the @CDCgov, 82.6% of men who were "made to penetrate" had only female perpetrators (cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss…, pp. 5–6); 79.3% of male "rape" victims had only male perpetrators (Id., p. 5) where "rape" is defined as "completed forced penetration" (Id., p. 11).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 So this raises the question, why does the @CDCgov separate out male rape victims into a separate category of "made to penetrate" rather than including male victimization in the "rape" statistic proper? The answer relates to the @FBI's problems with data collection regarding rape.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Note that "Methodological Issues in the Use of Survey Data for Measuring and Characterizing Violence Against Women" by Martin D. Schwartz (researchgate.net/publication/24…) is cited by the @CDCgov in that Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss…, p. 18).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Professor Schwartz cites Dr. Koss.

Martin D. Schwartz wrote "Methodological Issues in the Use of Survey Data for Measuring and Characterizing Violence Against Women" which was published in August 2000 in volume 6, issue 8, of _Violence Against Women_ (journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.117…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "North American researchers have tended to follow… Mary Koss's lead in dealing with sexual assault by asking behaviorally specific questions." Violence Against Women. 2000 August; 6(8): 816.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "[W]ithin the field of violence against women, there has been a great deal of controversy over the wording of questionnaires[, which] has consisted of attacks on Mary Koss's Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), which has been heavily used by other researchers…." Id. 829.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The work of feminist and American Regents' Professor, Mary P. Koss, Ph.D., has made a mess of the statistics kept by @CDCgov and @FBI involving raped men and that undermined a lot of the studies based upon those statistics (as the work of Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer reveals).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI American Regents' Professor Mary P. Koss, Ph.D., wrote “it is important to restrict the term rape to instances where male victims were penetrated by offenders. It is inappropriate to consider as a rape victim a man who engages in unwanted sexual intercourse with a woman.”

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The above quote is from Mary P. Koss' "Detecting the Scope of Rape: A Review of Prevalence Research Methods" that was published in June 1993 in Volume 8, Number 2, of the _Journal of Interpersonal Violence_ on pages 206–207 (which is available at t.umblr.com/redirect?z=htt…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI To see the extent of Dr. Koss' influence on academic and professional scholarship as well as her influence within the government, read her curriculum vitae (publichealth.arizona.edu/sites/publiche…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The @FBI wasn't counting lack-of-consent-rape as rape until 2012 (justice.gov/archives/opa/b…), but one could be prosecuted for lack-of-consent-rape by the American federal government regardless of gender since 1986 (congress.gov/bill/99th-cong…).

@FBI wasn't using the legal definition.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI To demonstrate what I am talking about hereinbelow is the federal rape statute I referenced earlier. Federal law uses "Sexual Abuse" rather than "Rape" as the term of art for the crime of rape (congress.gov/bill/99th-cong…) due to Senate Bill 1236 (in the 99th United States Congress).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI 18 U.S.C. § 2242(1): “Whoever … knowingly … causes another person to engage in a sexual act by threatening or placing that other person in fear ….”

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI 18 U.S.C. § 2242(2): “Whoever … knowingly … engages in a sexual act with another person [who] is… incapable of appraising the nature of the conduct; or… physically incapable of declining participation in, or communicating unwillingness to engage in, that sexual act….”

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Compare that to the definition of rape the @FBI used to count rapes prior to 2012 (which the @FBI termed "forcible rapes," which seems to be similar to the common law definition of rape with which most people seem familiar), which sounds like Dr. Koss' definition.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "Forcible rape… is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Assaults or attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses are excluded" (ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u…, p. 23).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI In this context, the @FBI and @CDCgov using an alternative definition of rape from the rest of the federal government, Congress, and the states is really weird, but in line with the scholarship of feminists like Dr. Koss (whose contributions are well documented).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI For example, Dr. Koss received the 2000 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy because "[h]er work has had a profound impact on public policies at national, state, and local levels" (psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-14…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The @FBI and the @CDCgov using these alternative definitions to count rapes fuels feminist propaganda supporting falsities (like " sexual assault is the most gendered crime ever") as noted by feminist Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer. Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Let's return to the critique by feminist/scholar Lara Stemple and scholar Ilan H. Meyer of the study by the @CDCgov that was influenced by feminist Dr. Koss' scholarship.

As Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer point out, Dr. Koss' scholarship negatively impacts the equality of men.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "[T]reating male sexual victimization as a rare occurrence can impose regressive expectations about masculinity on men…. The belief that men are unlikely victims promotes a counterproductive construct of what it means to 'be a man.'"

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e20.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "[F]actors that perpetuate misperceptions about men’s sexual victimization [include]: reliance on traditional gender stereotypes, outdated and inconsistent definitions, and methodological sampling biases that exclude inmates."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI In federal prison, women can be quite rapey toward male inmates. Let's look at some data.

The Office of the Inspector General for the Justice Department considers rape (pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241, 2243, and 2244) of federal inmates a huge problem (oig.justice.gov/special/0504/i…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI “As the statistics below indicate, the scope of the problem also includes female staff with male inmates, male staff with male inmates, and female staff with female inmates. … The following chart describes the gender breakdown of allegations investigated by the OIG…:”

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Although male staff commits 51% of the rapes (perpetrated by staff against inmates), a man is more likely to be raped by a woman in prison: 47% of the rapes committed are female staff raping men and 8% of the rapes committed are male staff raping men (oig.justice.gov/special/0504/i…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Also note that men are the majority of victims of prison rape (i.e., 55% of victims): 47% of the rapes committed against men are female staff raping men and 8% of the rapes committed against men are male staff raping men (oig.justice.gov/special/0504/i…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Having finished my digression on the prison rape statistics, let's return to the study by feminist and @UCLA Law School Assistant Dean Lara Stemple and psychiatric epidemiologist Ilan H. Meyer.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Overreliance on [male rapist/female victim model] stigmatizes men who are victimized, risks portraying women as victims, and discourages discussion of abuse that runs counter to the paradigm, such as same-sex abuse and female perpetration of sexual victimization." Supra, p. e25.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[S]ome contemporary gender theorists have questioned the overwhelming focus on female victimization, not simply because it misses male victims but also because it serves to reinforce regressive notions of female vulnerability." Supra, p. e20.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Unfortunately, as Conor Friedersdorf wrote on November 8, 2016, "[t]o date, no existing clinical studies examine large numbers of female sexual perpetrators" (theatlantic.com/science/archiv…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Why do not more women show up in crime statistics?

Perhaps, @SocialWorkerLSW, it is because our society has decided not to punish many female perpetrators for crimes they commit or grant leniency to women where it would not have been granted to men.

Let's see the data.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Consider Sonja B. Starr's "Estimating Gender Disparities in Federal Criminal Cases," University of Michigan Law and Economics Research Paper, No. 12-018 (August 29, 2012) (available at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…) showing that women get shorter sentences (if prosecuted at all).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "This study finds dramatic unexplained gender gaps in federal criminal cases. Conditional on arrest offense, criminal history, and other pre-charge observables, men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Prosecutors and/or judges seem to use their discretion to accommodate family circumstances in sub rosa ways—but not for male defendants." Research Paper 12-018, pp. 14–15.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "However, if family hardship is a legitimate consideration, one might expect it to play at least some role in men’s cases as well [but it does not in the sense of reducing sentences as it does for women]." Research Paper 12-018, p. 15.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Numerous studies have suggested that paternal incarceration harms children even when the father was already a noncustodial parent…." Research Paper 12-018, p. 15.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Nevertheless, "[w]omen are … significantly likelier to avoid charges and convictions, and twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted. " Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Policymakers might simply be untroubled by [judicial] leniency toward women." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA The data from the state courts (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…) shows a slight sentencing discrepancy between white and black defendants that is completely dwarfed by how much leniency women get (which is comparable to Law Professor Sonja B. Starr's federal data referenced hereinabove).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Consider also "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 43 (2006) (available at scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewconten…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn write "[t]he fact that we found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders… suggests that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders…." 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 76 (2006).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Consider "The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines" by Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson published in 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA I.H. Nagel & B.L. Johnson, The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995) (link: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8016/bb0bcfffc…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[W]hen these [criminal justice] decision-makers [such as police, prosecutors, and judges] are free to exercise discretion, they systematically favor female offenders over similarly situated male offenders." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 182 (1994–1995).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson write "the federal sentencing guidelines have not eliminated the favorable treatment of female offenders[ and s]pecial treatment, not equal treatment, persists." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 221 (1994–1995) (pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8016/bb0bcfffc…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Lastly, you complain, @SocialWorkerLSW, those female rape victims "get their insides scoped out while still tore up if they want a chance to get badgered on the witness stand at the slightest hope for justice" (archive.ph/L5Cot), so let's look at the false rape claim data!

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA To start, the @FBI indicated that false rape accusations are 400% greater than for other crimes (ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u…). However, let us turn to the work of scholars and what those scholars found reviewing the literature, shall we?

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Consider Philip N.S. Rumney, "False Allegations of Rape," 65 _Cambridge Law Journal_ 128 (2006) (available: eprints.uwe.ac.uk/6478/1/Downloa…) who reviewed a number of the studies that are often cited in these discussions. This is NOT a metastudy, but it is a law review article.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Since I don't really expect you to do much footwork, @SocialWorkerLSW, here are the studies that Mr. Rumney considered that the false rape allegation percentage found by each (from 65 Cambridge Law Journal 136–137):

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "There has also been a failure to acknowledge the methodological limitations of much of the existing research and the state of our current understanding of the rate of false allegations." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 157–158.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "As a consequence of such deficiencies within legal scholarship, factual claims have been repeatedly made that have only limited empirical support." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 158.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "This suggests a widespread analytical failure on the part of legal scholarship and requires an acknowledgment of the weakness of assumptions that have been constructed upon unreliable research evidence." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 158.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[I]n the last three decades[,] there has been a lack of critical analysis by those who claim a low false reporting rate and the uncritical adoption of unreliable research findings." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 157.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Now also consider Edward Greer, "The Truth Behind Legal Dominance Feminism's Two Percent False Rape Claim Figure," 33 _Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review_ 947 (2000) (available at digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol33/iss3…) whose work was reviewed by Philip N.S. Rumney in the law review cited above.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "At the core of [feminist] discourse on rape is … that 'women don't lie' about sexual abuse. The foundation for such a … statement is … that false accusations of rape are very rare; specifically, …no more than [2%] of such complaints are invalid." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 948.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Despite the plethora of … citations, it turns out that there is … only one[] underlying source [for the 2% figure]—feminist publicist Susan Brownmiller's interpretation of some data… of unknown provenance from a single police department unit." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 955–956.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "…Professor Deborah Rhode['s] belief that "two percent false = other felonies" is a consensus fact that… likely comes from having perused numerous … feminist articles and books which …recycle it from… Susan Brownmiller's _Against Our Will_." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 958.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[Feminist] literature advances the proposition that 'women don't lie about rape' as an axiomatic substrate to their proposed policy changes fueled by the purported two percent false claim figure." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 960.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[A]ccording to [feminists], since only two percent of rape claims are false, this conviction rate is radically insufficient to achieve justice for women within the legal system." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 962.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[B]ecause of its axiom that virtually all complaints of rape are legitimate, a …goal of [feminism] is to reform the legal definition of 'consent' in rape… to become more favorable to women, thereby making conviction at trial easier to accomplish." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 962–963.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[B]lack men are no more likely to rape than white men. The radical disproportion in rape imprisonment rates can then be seen as a… marker as to just how racist the criminal …process… actually is. [Feminism's] proposal is implicitly racist." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 969–971.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "It seems clear that the [2%] false claim figure… has no basis in fact. Since this figure is …unsupported, there is no justification for shifting the burden of proof or redefining consent in rape crimes in accordance with this figure." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 971.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA From the @innocence project and similar organizations and programs, we know that not all those convicted are indeed guilty, we just don't know how many have actually been falsely convicted. However, the studies that calculate the false accusation rate assume convictions are true.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Crimes statistics are tricky because you must know whether the crime actually happened to evaluate whether the allegation is false, which is impossible for an outside observer. We use proxies (like inconsistencies) to guestimate false allegations, but those are quite imperfect.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Also, some witnesses are terrible and don't seem credible despite telling the truth and some witnesses are good liars who seem credible despite telling a complete falsehood. These phenomena together result in both false convictions and false acquittals, both of which are bad.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence 69% of the exonerations involving the @innocence project involved eyewitness misidentification and 32% of those cases involved multiple misidentifications of the same person (innocenceproject.org/dna-exoneratio…). There is a reason science doesn't use eyewitness testimony as evidence!

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence It is worth noting that, of the rape allegations that are reported and where DNA testing has been performed, apparently "the current 'exclusion' rate [of rape suspects] for forensic DNA labs [is] close to 25 percent" according to Rockne Harmon (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "Every year since 1989, in about 25 percent of the sexual assault cases referred to the FBI where results could be obtained…, the primary suspect has been excluded by forensic DNA testing" according to Peter Neufeld, Esq., and Barry C. Scheck (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence In further support, consider "Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial" by Edward Connors, Thomas Lundregan, Neal Miller, and Tom McEwen published in June 1996 (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "In each of the 28 cases [in this study], a defendant was convicted of a crime or crimes and serving a sentence of incarceration… [and i]n each case, the results showed that there was not a [DNA] match, and the defendant was ultimately set free" (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…, ch. 2).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence More disturbing still, "[a]ll cases, except for homicides, involved victim identification both prior to and at trial… [and m]any cases also had additional eyewitness identification…" (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…, ch. 2). This is similar to the @innocence project data.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Similarly, "[i]n about 23 percent of the 21,621 cases, DNA test results excluded suspects, according to respondent[ laboratories, and in a]n additional 16 percent of the cases, approximately, [the DNA test] yielded inconclusive results" (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…, ch. 2).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Even multiple witnesses cannot be relied upon to get it correct (per the @innocence project) and the demonstrably false rape allegation rate appears to be more than 400% of other crimes (according to the @FBI).

Also, false rape allegations seem to be a uniquely female crime.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence It appears, @SocialWorkerLSW, considering the data and scholarship quoted and cited hereinabove, it seems you are quite wrong about the purported injustice of the so-called wage gap and the purported injustice of how women's rape allegations are handled (archive.ph/L5Cot).

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence @threadreaderapp, please unroll.

@SocialWorkerLSW @Oneiorosgrip @BLS_gov @pewresearch @TIME @usnews @PolitiFact @PunditFact @LexyTopping @IPPR @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence @threader_app, please compile.