I'm done using the term "Consolidated Democracy"

Here's why.

[THREAD]
To be clear, I have a vested interest in this term. It played a key role in research @jurpelai and I conducted on how International Organizations assist democracies. That research appeared in @World_Pol...

cambridge.org/core/journals/…
A key part of that research was looking at how @NATO assisted new democracies in Eastern Europe following the Cold War (see my paper with @AlexCecylia).

link.springer.com/article/10.105…
You know, in places like Hungary.

Um....okay...that's already not promising 😬

vox.com/policy-and-pol…
While I used the concept of "Consolidated Democracy" in that work, I've always been a little on the fence about the term.
What does the term mean? Well, two key works on the idea (and should be familiar to many students of democracy) are Adam Przeworski's 1991 book...

amazon.com/Democracy-Mark…
... and Sam Huntington's 1991 book.

amazon.com/Third-Wave-Dem…
But the core definition comes from a 1996 book by Linz and Stepan

amazon.com/Problems-Democ…
They write that "consolidation" means democratic processes are accepted as "The only game in town"
Fun fact: In the footnote, they acknowledge that the phrase "only game in town" was given to them by Giuseppe di palma
So what does it mean for democracy to be "the only game in town"? Linz and Stepan elaborate in the next paragraph. The punchline is that it's really based on everyone behaving appropriately.
So when does a country reach this condition? This is where the work of Milan Svolik is really useful, especially his 2008 @apsrjournal paper

cambridge.org/core/journals/…
He points out that becoming "consolidated" is largely unobservable: there is no point where you can say, "yes, that democracy is fully consolidated because of X, Y, and Z!"
BUT it is fair to say that the longer a country has been a democracy, the more likely it is to have become "consolidated"
Hence, older democracies are likely consolidated, or that the threat of "autocratic reversal" is virtually nil:
Focusing on duration is a completely sensible assumption*: countries that have been a democracy for a long time are likely to exhibit and internalize the "things" that make democracy consolidated.

* that's why it was core to the analysis in my work with @jurpelai!
But I've always had a bit of unease about it. I mean, it's hard to be feel solid about a concept that is, by and large, unobservable 🤔
Such unease is not new and is not just from me. Consider the argument of Guillermo O’Donnell back in the 1990s

journalofdemocracy.org/articles/illus…
In the article, he writes: "I see little analytical gain in attaching the term “consolidated” to something that will probably though not certainly endure—`democracy' and `consolidation' are terms too polysemic to make a good pair."

In other words, the concepts are each too vague
Think about it another way: in the Svolik piece, one of the "consolidated democracy" examples is the United States.

Is the US consolidated? Umm...while they may not be using the word, a lot of folks are asking that question right now! 🚨🚨

businessinsider.com/trump-accused-…
Indeed, I'm seeing the phrases "attempted coup" and "autogolpe" being used quite a bit at the moment to describe Trump's actions.

newyorker.com/news/news-desk…
But even if those don't come to pass right now, the fact that the idea is being bandied around leads one to wonder if democracy in the US is truly "the only game in town" (h/t @ProfSaunders & @henryfarrell)

Of course, we could further complicate using the term to describe the US by questioning how long the US has ACTUALLY been a functioning democracy (h/t @robmickey)

amazon.com/Paths-Dixie-De…
Oh, and I haven't even begun to raise questions about what we mean by (and measure) democracy itself (whether or not it is "consolidated")

In sum, if "time as democracy" is our best indicator of being "consolidated", but one of our oldest democracy is in danger of experiencing elements of "autocratic reversal", then I'm not sure if "consolidated democracy" is a useful concept.

[END]

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More from @ProfPaulPoast

28 Oct
Happy (belated) 75th Birthday @UN (#UN75)!

Actually, a correction: the United Nations is 78 years old...and it's birthday was not this past Saturday (Oct 24)

[THREAD]
To be clear: the "United Nations" as a global "international organization" was formed 75 years ago this past Saturday (Oct 24).

But the "United Nations" itself is a bit older.
The "United Nations" itself was formed on January 1, 1942 as a military alliance against Nazi Germany
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Will the Caucasus become the Balkans of the 21st Century: a (frequently overlooked) conflict-prone region that eventually sparks a wider war?

Let's compare the Caucasus 2020 to the Balkans 1914

[THREAD]

reuters.com/article/uk-arm…
There are three points to compare

(1) Staunch rivalries (and territorial disputes) in the region

(2) Region marred by conflict

(3) Alliance ties to outside powers
First, there are indeed two staunch rivals in the Caucasus: Armenia and Azerbaijan. In fact, the war currently unfolding between Armenia and Azerbaijan is the second between the two countries since the end of the Cold War

warontherocks.com/2020/10/the-se…
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"Competitor? Adversary? Enemy?"

@SusanPage posed that question about 🇨🇳's relationship with 🇺🇸 during #VicePresidentialDebate.

Are such distinctions useful and do any of the terms accurately describe 🇺🇸-🇨🇳 relations?

Let's break it down.

[THREAD]
To start, notice what were NOT options given by Page:

"friends, partners, allies"

(though Page did acknowledge that 🇨🇳 could be a "potential partner" for addressing 🇰🇵 and climate change)

So we're starting with the presumption of a "confrontational" relationship.
From the standpoint of foreign policy discourse, there can be value in saying that someone is a "competitor" (competition is "healthy") rather than an "enemy" (who is "evil"). @EdwardGoldberg makes this distinction in a piece for @Salon

salon.com/2019/06/22/chi…
Read 23 tweets
24 Sep
Foreign Policy will not be a key topic at the first Trump v Biden debate.

That's a shame, since foreign policy goes a long way toward explaining why we're facing a Trump v Biden choice in November.

[THREAD]
To be clear: I am NOT offering a story about how the collapse of the Soviet Union ended the "Cold War Consensus" and this collapse brought us to today.

journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.230… Image
First of all, if there ever was such a consensus, it was gone long before 1990

cambridge.org/core/journals/…
Read 27 tweets
17 Sep
Nuclear war almost happened in August 2017.

What does this teach us about the causes of war?

Answer: That we still don't really know why war happens.

[THREAD]

washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/…
Start with one of international relations primary models for war: bargaining theory
The idea is the following: since war is costly (think of all the millions of people Mattis feared would die in a 🇰🇵🇺🇸 war), states have an incentive to "strike a bargain" that avoids war.
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9 Sep
Do top US Generals seek war for profit, as claimed by @realDonaldTrump?

No...but it's complicated.

[THREAD]
It's complicated because we have to answer two questions:

1) Is war profitable?

2) Can generals earn some of those profits?

Let's tackle one at a time.
Is war profitable?

You bet! At least for some.
Read 30 tweets

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