Thread by @MSS3RosaFerreum

@UKLabour I agree that violence is a human rights violation ― full stop.

Domestic violence does not appear to be as gendered as you portray it to be, @UKLabour, but let's look at the data, shall we.

@UKLabour Consider "Intimate terrorism by women towards men: does it exist?" by Denise A. Hines and Emily M. Douglas published in July 2010 in Volume 2, Issue 3, of the _Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research_ (available at www2.clarku.edu/faculty/dhines…).

@UKLabour "Research showing that women commit high rates of intimate partner violence … against men has been controversial because [intimate partner violence] is typically framed as caused by the patriarchal construction of society and men’s domination over women" (Supra, p. 36).

@UKLabour "The results of this study indicate that the adherence to the theory that patriarchy is the foundation of [intimate terrorism] in Western, developed nations deserves reconsideration."

2 Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 54 (2010).

@UKLabour The "study shows the existence of male victims of female-perpetrated [intimate terrorism]. These men sustained very high rates and frequencies of psychological, sexual, and physical [intimate partner violence], injuries, and controlling behaviours" (Supra, p. 54).

@UKLabour Note "Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence" by Daniel J. Whitaker, Ph.D.; Tadesse Haileyesus, M.S.; Monica Swahn, Ph.D.; and Linda S. Saltzman, Ph.D. (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@UKLabour "Differences in Frequency of Violence and Reported Injury Between Relationships With Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence" was published in May 2007 in Volume 97, Issue 5, of the _American Journal of Public Health_ (available at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@UKLabour This study "sought to examine the prevalence of reciprocal (i.e., perpetrated by both partners) and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence and to determine whether reciprocity is related to violence frequency and injury."

97 Am. J. Public Health 941 (2007).

@UKLabour This study found "that among relationships with nonreciprocal violence, women were the perpetrators in a majority of cases, regardless of participant gender… [and] …both men and women reported a larger proportion of nonreciprocal violence perpetrated by women…" (Supra, 944).

@UKLabour This study also found "relationships with reciprocal violence resulted in more frequent violence (by women only) and a greater likelihood of injury caused by both male and female perpetrators."

97 Am. J. Public Health 945 (2007).

@UKLabour Consider "Rates of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States" by John Schafer, Ph.D.; Raul Caetano, M.D., Ph.D.; and Catherine L. Clark, Ph.D., published in November 1998 in Volume 88, Issue 11, of the _American Journal of Public Health_ (link: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@UKLabour The study found "5.21% [as the lower bound] and 13.61% [as the upper bound] for male-to-female partner violence, 6.22% and 18.2 1% for female-to-male partner violence, and 7.84% and 21.48% for any partner-to-partner violence."

88 Am. J. Public Health 1703–1704 (2007).

@UKLabour "Lower-bound estimates were calculated by counting only those violent behaviors that both partners reported or agreed on. Upper-bound estimates were formed by counting violent occurrences that either partner reported, whether corroborated or not" (supra, pp. 1703–1704).

@UKLabour This 1998 study was authored before it became clear that women were as violent as women, in fact, are (which took further research—such as above—to demonstrate) and the actual raw data supports, in general, greater amounts of domestic violence perpetrated by women against men.

@UKLabour Now regarding the issue of spousal murder, @TheJusticeDept that women are just not arrested, prosecuted, convicted, or sentenced as much as men are for that crime. As a society, we have a pro-woman bias that seems to allow (some) women to literally get away with murder.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Per @TheJusticeDept: "[w]ife defendants had a lower conviction rate than husband defendants…. Of the 222 wife defendants, 70% were convicted of killing their mate. By contrast, of the 318 husband defendants, 87% were convicted of spouse murder" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "An estimated 156 wives and 275 husbands were convicted of killing their spouse. Convicted wives were less likely than convicted husbands to be sentenced to prison, and convicted wives received shorter prison sentences than their male counterparts" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept As @TheJusticeDept notes: "[o]f the 100 wife defendants tried by either a judge or jury, 31% were acquitted. But of the 138 husband defendants tried, 6% were acquitted" (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept As @TheJusticeDept notes: "[o]f the 59 wife defendants tried by a jury, 27% were acquitted. But of the estimated 91 husband defendants tried by a jury, none was acquitted." (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…, p. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider Sonja B. Starr's "Estimating Gender Disparities in Federal Criminal Cases," University of Michigan Law and Economics Research Paper, No. 12-018 (August 29, 2012) (available at papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…) showing that women get shorter sentences (if prosecuted at all).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "This study finds dramatic unexplained gender gaps in federal criminal cases. Conditional on arrest offense, criminal history, and other pre-charge observables, men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "Prosecutors and/or judges seem to use their discretion to accommodate family circumstances in sub rosa ways—but not for male defendants." Research Paper 12-018, pp. 14–15.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "However, if family hardship is a legitimate consideration, one might expect it to play at least some role in men’s cases as well [but it does not in the sense of reducing sentences as it does for women]." Research Paper 12-018, p. 15.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "Numerous studies have suggested that paternal incarceration harms children even when the father was already a noncustodial parent…." Research Paper 12-018, p. 15.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Nevertheless, "[w]omen are … significantly likelier to avoid charges and convictions, and twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted. " Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "Policymakers might simply be untroubled by [judicial] leniency toward women." Research Paper 12-018, p. 17.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept The data from the state courts (bjs.gov/content/pub/pd…) shows a slight sentencing discrepancy between white and black defendants that is completely dwarfed by how much leniency women get (which is comparable to Law Professor Sonja B. Starr's federal data referenced hereinabove).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider also "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 43 (2006) (available at scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewconten…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn write "[t]he fact that we found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders… suggests that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders…." 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 76 (2006).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider "The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines" by Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson published in 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept I.H. Nagel & B.L. Johnson, The Role of Gender in a Structured Sentencing System: Equal Treatment, Policy Choices, and the Sentencing of Female Offenders under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 181 (1994–1995) (link: pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8016/bb0bcfffc…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "[W]hen these [criminal justice] decision-makers [such as police, prosecutors, and judges] are free to exercise discretion, they systematically favor female offenders over similarly situated male offenders." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 182 (1994–1995).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Ilene H. Nagel and Barry L. Johnson write "the federal sentencing guidelines have not eliminated the favorable treatment of female offenders[ and s]pecial treatment, not equal treatment, persists." 85 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 221 (1994–1995) (pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8016/bb0bcfffc…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider "Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts" by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn published in 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 43 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "[S]tudies have found that gender effects favoring female offenders over male offenders occur at a significantly higher rate than race effects favoring white offenders over black offenders." 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 46 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn "found a consistent pattern of preferential treatment of female offenders [and] …neither the offender's marital status nor childcare responsibilities affected any of the three indicators of sentence severity…." Id. at 76.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found "that federal court judges evaluate female offenders differently than male offenders, irrespective of their family situations or childcare responsibilities." 11 Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law 76 (2006) (link: lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1120434…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider "Gender and Sentencing: A Meta-Analysis of Contemporary Research" by Stephanie Bontrager, Kelle Barrick, and Elizabeth Stupi published in 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 349 (2013)(link: xyonline.net/sites/xyonline… — courtesy of the site of Dr. Michael Flood's blog).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "[O]f the 143 unique statistical estimates of the gender and sentencing relationship, 65% indicated that female offenders are less likely than their male conterparts to come under the jurisdiction of state and federal penal systems." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 364.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept The "Chivalry… perspective[] aregue[s] that a variety of practical and extralegal factors weigh upon criminal justice decision-making, creating greater leniency for female than male offenders." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 352–353 (2013).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "In contrast, Evil Women and Evil Women hybrid theories hold that women are singled out by the criminal justice system and incur stiffer sentences than men." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 353 (2013).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "Overall, 65% of the estimates indicate that women have better sentencing outcomes than men, supporting the Chivalry hypothesis theory. Empirically-sound studies are more likely to support this hypothesis…." 16 Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice 366 (2013).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider "The Persistence of the Criminal Justice Gender Gap: Evidence from 200 Years of Judicial Decisions" dated October 23, 2017, by Anna Bindler and Randi Hjalmarsson (available at conference.iza.org/conference_fil…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "[N]umerous studies today document a criminal justice system that treats females more leniently than males" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "Starr (2015) finds that male defendants in U.S. Federal Courts receive 63% longer sentences than females, even after conditioning on observable case characteristics" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "During our 200-year sample, there is a prevalent and explicit bias towards women as the weaker sex. We argue that this bias is seen in the courtroom (to the benefit of women)" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 28).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "This paper finds a criminal justice gender gap favoring females that (i) is seen at multiple stages of the justice system, ranging from pleas to conviction and sentencing, and (ii) persists throughout two centuries of trials…" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 27).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "Females were less likely to be found guilty (9.4%–20.3%) and, conditional on guilt, less likely to receive the harshest punishment available at the time…" (conference.iza.org/conference_fil…, p. 1).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Now regarding your sexual assault claims, @UKLabour, I realize it's difficult for you to fully track how much sexual assault happens to men given that your society hasn't quite figured out that men can be raped (as even American feminists have realized).

Let's look at the data.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept Consider “The Sexual Victimization of Men in America: New Data Challenge Old Assumptions” by feminist Lara Stemple and epidemiologist Ilan H. Meyer published in 2014 in the _American Journal of Public Health_, volume 104, issue 6, on pages e19–e26 (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "[F]ederal surveys detect a high prevalence of sexual victimization among men—in many circumstances similar to the prevalence found among women."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

The data indicates that this is not a gendered crime.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "[I]n 2011[,] …the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), …found that men and women had a similar prevalence of nonconsensual sex in the previous 12 months (1.270 million women and 1.267 million men)."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept "However unintentionally, the CDC’s publications and the media coverage that followed instead highlighted female sexual victimization, reinforcing public perceptions that sexual victimization is primarily a women’s issue."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept What Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer are referring to can be seen in Table 1 from the September 5, 2014, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss…, p. 5). @CDCgov doesn't think men can be "raped."

Thanks, @melliflora, for collecting and editing the graphic.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora Similarly, @CathyYoung63 writes: "[t]he CDC study … seems to support a radical feminist narrative that … America is a 'rape culture' saturated with misogynistic violence. But a closer look at the data … raises some surprising question[s] about gender, victimization, and bias."

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 "…[I]f the CDC figures are to be taken at face value, then we must also conclude that, far from being a product of patriarchal violence against women, 'rape culture' is a two-way street, with plenty of female perpetrators and male victims" (time.com/3393442/cdc-ra…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 And @CathyYoung63 continues: "if being made to penetrate someone was counted as rape—and why shouldn’t it be?—then the headlines could have focused on a truly sensational CDC finding: that women rape men as often as men rape women" (time.com/3393442/cdc-ra…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 According to the @CDCgov, 82.6% of men who were "made to penetrate" had only female perpetrators (cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss…, pp. 5–6); 79.3% of male "rape" victims had only male perpetrators (Id., p. 5) where "rape" is defined as "completed forced penetration" (Id., p. 11).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 So this raises the question, why does the @CDCgov separate out male rape victims into a separate category of "made to penetrate" rather than including male victimization in the "rape" statistic proper? The answer relates to the @FBI's problems with data collection regarding rape.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Note that "Methodological Issues in the Use of Survey Data for Measuring and Characterizing Violence Against Women" by Martin D. Schwartz (researchgate.net/publication/24…) is cited by the @CDCgov in that Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss…, p. 18).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Professor Schwartz cites Dr. Koss.

Martin D. Schwartz wrote "Methodological Issues in the Use of Survey Data for Measuring and Characterizing Violence Against Women" which was published in August 2000 in volume 6, issue 8, of _Violence Against Women_ (journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.117…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "North American researchers have tended to follow… Mary Koss's lead in dealing with sexual assault by asking behaviorally specific questions." Violence Against Women. 2000 August; 6(8): 816.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "[W]ithin the field of violence against women, there has been a great deal of controversy over the wording of questionnaires[, which] has consisted of attacks on Mary Koss's Sexual Experiences Survey (SES), which has been heavily used by other researchers…." Id. 829.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The work of feminist and American Regents' Professor, Mary P. Koss, Ph.D., has made a mess of the statistics kept by @CDCgov and @FBI involving raped men and that undermined a lot of the studies based upon those statistics (as the work of Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer reveals).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI American Regents' Professor Mary P. Koss, Ph.D., wrote “it is important to restrict the term rape to instances where male victims were penetrated by offenders. It is inappropriate to consider as a rape victim a man who engages in unwanted sexual intercourse with a woman.”

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The above quote is from Mary P. Koss' "Detecting the Scope of Rape: A Review of Prevalence Research Methods" that was published in June 1993 in Volume 8, Number 2, of the _Journal of Interpersonal Violence_ on pages 206–207 (which is available at t.umblr.com/redirect?z=htt…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI To see the extent of Dr. Koss' influence on academic and professional scholarship as well as her influence within the government, read her curriculum vitae (publichealth.arizona.edu/sites/publiche…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Lack-of-consent-rapes weren't counted as rape by @FBI until 2012 (justice.gov/archives/opa/b…), but one could be prosecuted for lack-of-consent-rape by the American federal government regardless of gender since 1986 (congress.gov/bill/99th-cong…).

@FBI wasn't using the legal definition.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI To demonstrate what I am talking about hereinbelow is the federal rape statute I referenced earlier. Federal law uses "Sexual Abuse" rather than "Rape" as the term of art for the crime of rape (congress.gov/bill/99th-cong…) due to Senate Bill 1236 (in the 99th United States Congress).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI 18 U.S.C. § 2242(1): “Whoever … knowingly … causes another person to engage in a sexual act by threatening or placing that other person in fear ….”

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI 18 U.S.C. § 2242(2): “Whoever … knowingly … engages in a sexual act with another person [who] is… incapable of appraising the nature of the conduct; or… physically incapable of declining participation in, or communicating unwillingness to engage in, that sexual act….”

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Contrast that with the United Kingdom where "[a] person (A) commits an offence [of rape] if … he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person (B) with his penis, …B does not consent to the penetration, an …A does not reasonably believe that B consents."

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Rape in the United Kingdom is defined under the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/…) whereas it is defined federally in the United States under the term "Sexual Abuse" at 18 U.S.C. § 2242 (govinfo.gov/content/pkg/US…) and also defined separately by each of the states.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Compare 18 U.S.C. § 2242 to the definition of rape the @FBI used to count rapes prior to 2012 (which the @FBI termed "forcible rapes," which seems to be similar to the common law definition of rape with which most people seem familiar), which sounds like Dr. Koss' definition.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "Forcible rape… is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Assaults or attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) and other sex offenses are excluded" (ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u…, p. 23).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI In this context, the @FBI and @CDCgov using an alternative definition of rape from the rest of the federal government, Congress, and the states is really weird, but in line with the scholarship of feminists like Dr. Koss (whose contributions are well documented).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI For example, Dr. Koss received the 2000 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Research in Public Policy because "[h]er work has had a profound impact on public policies at national, state, and local levels" (psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-14…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI The @FBI and the @CDCgov using these alternative definitions to count rapes fuels feminist propaganda supporting falsities (like men perpetrate nearly all the rapes committed) as noted by feminist Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer. Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Let's return to the critique of feminist/scholar Lara Stemple and scholar Ilan H. Meyer regarding the study by the @CDCgov influenced by feminist Dr. Koss' scholarship.

As Lara Stemple and Ilan H. Meyer point out, Dr. Koss' scholarship negatively impacts the equality of men.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "[T]reating male sexual victimization as a rare occurrence can impose regressive expectations about masculinity on men…. The belief that men are unlikely victims promotes a counterproductive construct of what it means to 'be a man.'"
Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e20.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI "[F]actors that perpetuate misperceptions about men’s sexual victimization [include]: reliance on traditional gender stereotypes, outdated and inconsistent definitions, and methodological sampling biases that exclude inmates."

Am J Public Health. 2014 June; 104(6): e19.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI In federal prison, women can be quite rapey toward male inmates. Let's look at some data.

The Office of the Inspector General for the Justice Department considers rape (pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241, 2243, and 2244) of federal inmates a huge problem (oig.justice.gov/special/0504/i…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI “As the statistics below indicate, the scope of the problem also includes female staff with male inmates, male staff with male inmates, and female staff with female inmates. … The following chart describes the gender breakdown of allegations investigated by the OIG…:”

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Although male staff commits 51% of the rapes (perpetrated by staff against inmates), a man is more likely to be raped by a woman in prison: 47% of the rapes committed are female staff raping men and 8% of the rapes committed are male staff raping men (oig.justice.gov/special/0504/i…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Also note that men are the majority of victims of prison rape (i.e., 55% of victims): 47% of the rapes committed against men are female staff raping men and 8% of the rapes committed against men are male staff raping men (oig.justice.gov/special/0504/i…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI Having finished my digression on the prison rape statistics, let's return to the study by feminist and @UCLA Law School Assistant Dean Lara Stemple and psychiatric epidemiologist Ilan H. Meyer.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Overreliance on [male rapist/female victim model] stigmatizes men who are victimized, risks portraying women as victims, and discourages discussion of abuse that runs counter to the paradigm, such as same-sex abuse and female perpetration of sexual victimization." Supra, p. e25.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "[S]ome contemporary gender theorists have questioned the overwhelming focus on female victimization, not simply because it misses male victims but also because it serves to reinforce regressive notions of female vulnerability." Supra, p. e20.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Unfortunately, as Conor Friedersdorf wrote on November 8, 2016, "[t]o date, no existing clinical studies examine large numbers of female sexual perpetrators" (theatlantic.com/science/archiv…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Now, this was assuming all reported rapes actually occurred, but when it comes to rapes reported by women, this is not a reasonable assumption to make. While the actual number of false rape allegations is unclear, the numbers can get very disturbing quickly.

To the scholarship!

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA Notably, the @FBI indicated that false rape accusations are 400% greater than for other crimes (ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u…).

While @FBI figures have some issues, DNA evidence points to a more disturbing reality that a fifth to a quarter of all rape allegations are false.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA It is worth noting that, of the rape allegations that are reported and where DNA testing has been performed, apparently "the current 'exclusion' rate [of rape suspects] for forensic DNA labs [is] close to 25 percent" according to Rockne Harmon (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "Every year since 1989, in about 25 percent of the sexual assault cases referred to the FBI where results could be obtained…, the primary suspect has been excluded by forensic DNA testing" according to Peter Neufeld, Esq., and Barry C. Scheck (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA In further support, consider "Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science: Case Studies in the Use of DNA Evidence to Establish Innocence After Trial" by Edward Connors, Thomas Lundregan, Neal Miller, and Tom McEwen published in June 1996 (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA "In each of the 28 cases [in this study], a defendant was convicted of a crime or crimes and serving a sentence of incarceration… [and i]n each case, the results showed that there was not a [DNA] match, and the defendant was ultimately set free" (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…, ch. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA More disturbing still, "[a]ll cases, except for homicides, involved victim identification both prior to and at trial… [and m]any cases also had additional eyewitness identification…" (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…, ch. 2).

This is similar to the @innocence project data.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Similarly, "[i]n about 23 percent of the 21,621 cases, DNA test results excluded suspects, according to respondent[ laboratories, and in a]n additional 16 percent of the cases, approximately, [the DNA test] yielded inconclusive results" (ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/dnaev…, ch. 2).

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Consider Philip N.S. Rumney, "False Allegations of Rape," 65 _Cambridge Law Journal_ 128 (2006) (available: eprints.uwe.ac.uk/6478/1/Downloa…) who reviewed a number of the studies that are often cited in these discussions. This is NOT a metastudy, but it is a law review article.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Since I don't really expect you to do much footwork, @UKLabour, here are the studies that Mr. Rumney considered that the false rape allegation percentage found by each (from Table 1 from 65 Cambridge Law Journal 136–137):

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "There has also been a failure to acknowledge the methodological limitations of much of the existing research and the state of our current understanding of the rate of false allegations." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 157–158.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "As a consequence of such deficiencies within legal scholarship, factual claims have been repeatedly made that have only limited empirical support." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 158.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "This suggests a widespread analytical failure on the part of legal scholarship and requires an acknowledgment of the weakness of assumptions that have been constructed upon unreliable research evidence." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 158.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "[I]n the last three decades[,] there has been a lack of critical analysis by those who claim a low false reporting rate and the uncritical adoption of unreliable research findings." 65 Cambridge Law Journal 157.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Now also consider Edward Greer, "The Truth Behind Legal Dominance Feminism's Two Percent False Rape Claim Figure," 33 _Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review_ 947 (2000) (available at digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol33/iss3…) whose work was reviewed by Philip N.S. Rumney in the law review cited above.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "At the core of [feminist] discourse on rape is … that 'women don't lie' about sexual abuse. The foundation for such a … statement is … that false accusations of rape are very rare; specifically, …no more than [2%] of such complaints are invalid." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 948.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "Despite the plethora of … citations, it turns out that there is … only one[] underlying source [for the 2% figure]—feminist publicist Susan Brownmiller's interpretation of some data… of unknown provenance from a single police department unit." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 955–956.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "…Professor Deborah Rhode['s] belief that "two percent false = other felonies" is a consensus fact that… likely comes from having perused numerous … feminist articles and books which …recycle it from… Susan Brownmiller's _Against Our Will_." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 958.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "[Feminist] literature advances the proposition that 'women don't lie about rape' as an axiomatic substrate to their proposed policy changes fueled by the purported two percent false claim figure." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 960.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "[A]ccording to [feminists], since only two percent of rape claims are false, this conviction rate is radically insufficient to achieve justice for women within the legal system." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 962.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "[B]ecause of its axiom that virtually all complaints of rape are legitimate, a …goal of [feminism] is to reform the legal definition of 'consent' in rape… to become more favorable to women, thereby making conviction at trial easier to accomplish." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 962–963.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "[B]lack men are no more likely to rape than white men. The radical disproportion in rape imprisonment rates can then be seen as a… marker as to just how racist the criminal …process… actually is. [Feminism's] proposal is implicitly racist." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 969–971.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence "It seems clear that the [2%] false claim figure… has no basis in fact. Since this figure is …unsupported, there is no justification for shifting the burden of proof or redefining consent in rape crimes in accordance with this figure." 33 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 971.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence From the @innocence project and similar organizations and programs, we know that not all those convicted are indeed guilty, we just don't know how many have actually been falsely convicted. However, the studies that calculate the false accusation rate assume convictions are true.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Crimes statistics are tricky because you must know whether the crime actually happened to evaluate whether the allegation is false, which is impossible for an outside observer. We use proxies (like inconsistencies) to guestimate false allegations, but those are quite imperfect.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Also, some witnesses are terrible and don't seem credible despite telling the truth and some witnesses are good liars who seem credible despite telling a complete falsehood. These phenomena together result in both false convictions and false acquittals, both of which are bad.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence 69% of the exonerations involving the @innocence project involved eyewitness misidentification and 32% of those cases involved multiple misidentifications of the same person (innocenceproject.org/dna-exoneratio…). There is a reason science doesn't use eyewitness testimony as evidence!

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence Now unless it's your position, @UKLabour, that men in the United Kindom, your country, are way more brutish and violent than their American counterparts, consider the above data and reconsider your gendered approach to violence, help stop all violence, and stop privileging women.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence @threadreaderapp, unroll.

@UKLabour @TheJusticeDept @CDCgov @melliflora @CathyYoung63 @FBI @UCLA @innocence @threader_app, compile.