Ye Olde Inn. Ye Olde Sweet Shoppe. Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese…

The word ‘ye’ pops up all over the place – shop names to gravestones. But what if I told you that the first letter of ‘ye’ isn’t a ‘y’ at all but, þ - an Old English letter called thorn (or þorn).

#thread
But how do you get from þ to y? It all had to do with William Caxton’s printing press of 1476. Many of the type fonts used were imported from Germany or Italy. These fonts didn’t have þ, but they did have the letter Y. And so, þ was replaced with Y.

2/
Now, I’m no etymologist and this is only a skim of the story of thorn, but þ was pronounced ‘th’. It was never pronounced with a ‘y’ sound.

3/
Even though the printing press started to replace þ with y, þ was already in decline, gradually being replaced with the letters (or digraph) ‘th’.

4/
But it didn’t disappear entirely. It lingered on in its ‘Y’ form in some abbreviations –places where space was tight… like on headstones.

So, as well as timber-framed pubs and novelty sweet shops, the one place thorn survives (sort of) is in churches and churchyards.

5/

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More from @friendschurches

28 Jan
Saltfleetby church was built on a salt marsh. The landscape is melancholic. Long straight roads, drainage ditches, desultory farmsteads, big medieval churches. Flat land with empty horizons.
It all points to a long-lost prosperity... The clue is in the name: Saltfleetby. 
#thread
Until the 1600s this area was an international port trading with Scandinavia and Northern Europe. The name comes from salt-making which began in the Bronze Age and declined in the Middle Ages.

2/
There’s a Norwegian story about why the sea is salty. It starts at Christmas time. A poor man worries about feeding his family. He asks his rich brother for help. The brother will only help if he ventures into the underworld. The poor man agrees... and takes a joint of meat.

3/
Read 9 tweets
26 Jan
We have a medieval stained glass conundrum.

We think this fragment at St Mary's, Hardmead, Buckinghamshire depicts a dog (but we're not sure) playing a pipe (or maybe not).

#thread
Could it be a canine St Christopher? In Eastern Orthodox tradition, St Christopher has at times been depicted as a cynocephalus - a race of dog-headed beings once believed to have walked the earth, along with other strange forms of human such as blemmyae, donestre, and skiapodes.
This idea did permeate to the West; German bishop and poet Walter of Speyer portrayed St. Christopher as a cynocephalic giant from Canaan, who ate human flesh and barked. Only after he was baptised did he receive a human head.
Read 8 tweets
25 Jan
Today's #thread is brought to you by wonderful Welsh history blogger @hisdoryan!

Did you know that the 25th of January is St Dwynwen’s Day (Dydd Santes Dwynwen) here in Wales?

St Dwynwen is the Welsh patron saint of lovers. ❤️ ...
In the famous story, Dwynwen fell in love with Maelon Dafodrill but she was already betrothed by her father to another prince.
Dwynwen fled to the forest, where she prayed that God would make her forget her love. She fell asleep, and was visited by an angel with a potion that erased all memory of Maelon and turned him into a block of ice.
Read 12 tweets
22 Jan
There’s such a romance to brick: they're moulded to fit a human hand, light enough to be carried, and have a soft warmth of colour and texture.

The Romans brought bricks to England, but when they left, they seemed to take brick-making with them.

#thread
Really, it wasn’t until the 15th century that brick came back into widespread use.

2/
Traditional bricks were made simply from clay or a clay and sand mix.

For a good brick, you need two types of clay: a plastic clay and a sand-rich, non-plastic clay to off-set the tendency of the former to shrink and warp during firing.

3/
Read 11 tweets
21 Jan
Suspended in space.
A glimpse of work in progress of our new stained-glass windows at St Peter’s, Wickham Bishops, Essex. Artist, Ben Finn, is crafting four new windows to replace the polycarbonate sheeting that was put in as temporary glazing when we rescued the church. 
#thread
You see, in 1850, St Peter’s, found itself on the wrong side of the tracks.  
Literally.

2/
With the arrival of the railway, the village migrated eastward and a new church was built there.

The old church fell into disuse and neglect, and victim to vandalism. Out of sight, the church spiralled into decay. The threat of demolition loomed. It seemed like a lost cause.

3/
Read 8 tweets
16 Jan
In the Vale of Aylesbury, there’s a low-lying region of heavy clays and soft sands. Along this belt, the earth was mixed with water and straw to make wychert. The unbaked earth was used to build, in essence mud buildings.. including the Strict & Particular chapel of 1792.
#thread
Wychert (or wichert, or witchert) means white earth – referring to the high chalk content - and is Buckinghamshire’s answer to the cob or earth-wall buildings typically found in Devon and Dorset.

2/
Wychert walls begin with a base of rubble, knowns as grumplings. From this, the wychert mix is laid layers (called berries*) of about 18”, and allowed to dry and harden before the next layer is added.
Construction is slow.

*I’m not making this up.

3/
Read 6 tweets

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