GOOD news—if you have certain Neanderthal DNA 🧬 & get #COVID19. People with certain Neanderthal genes on chromosome 12 have lower rates of ICU. This region encodes proteins that activate enzymes that are important during infections with RNA viruses.
pnas.org/content/118/9/…
2) That said, another Neanderthal gene is bad. “Recently, it was shown that a haplotype in a region on chromosome 3 is associated with becoming critically ill upon infection with #SARSCoV2 and was contributed to modern humans by Neanderthals”.
3) For this new finding, “a haplotype on chromosome 12, which is associated with a ∼22% reduction in relative risk of becoming severely ill with #COVID19, is inherited from Neandertals. This haplotype is present at substantial frequencies in all regions of 🌎 outside Africa.”
4) Neanderthals “are likely to have adapted to infectious diseases, which are known to be strong selective factors that may, at least partly, have differed between sub-Saharan Africa and Eurasia” pnas.org/lookup/externa…
5) “Indeed, several genetic variants contributed by archaic hominins to modern humans have been shown to affect genes involved in immunity. pnas.org/lookup/ijlink/…
6) variants at several loci containing genes involved in innate immunity come from Neandertals and Denisovans (15), for example, toll-like receptor gene variants which decrease the susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infections and risk for allergies. pnas.org/lookup/externa…
7) Furthermore, proteins interacting with RNA viruses have been shown to be encoded by DNA regions introgressed from Neandertals more often than expected. pnas.org/lookup/externa…
8) Regarding the other Neanderthal gene on chromosome 3 that increased respiratory failure, nejm.org/doi/full/10.10…, was contributed by Neanderthals according to scientists.
9) For this current study that was protective, “the index variant of the protective haplotype in the GenOMICC study (rs10735079) matches all three Neandertal genomes available. The relative risk of needing ICU is reduced by ∼22% per copy of the Neandertal haplotype (OR= 0.78)”
10) the G allele of the index variant “rs10735079” is lower in Africans and certain Asian populations, and much more common in Europe (as expected in Neanderthals), but its still quite dispersed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs10735079…
11) As for the other bad Neanderthal gene on chromosome 3 (sorry I’m skipping around), found in the NEJM paper above, it is best indexed by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) called “rs35044562”. nature.com/articles/s4158…
12) Fortunately, this other bad Neanderthal risk gene 🧬 on chromosome 3, indexed by “re35044562” is really really rare. The alternative allele (the variant), has extremely low frequencies. But higher in Europeans (naturally), but only a low 8%. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/rs35044562…
13) but wait, this bad one is common in South Asians with 37%—But it mostly comes from one major study it seems which only has 974 South Asians. Unsure if generalizable
14) also in a very small 290 person study of Ashkenazi Jewish population, this bad risk gene had a 12.8% frequency.
15) Okay, I’m realizing genetics is not well understood by most people. So a haplotype is a genetic configuration of gene(s)— often index by a polymorphism- a mutation that is marking some underlying gene(s) in its nearby region. nature.com/scitable/defin…
16) Sometime when we are doing a GWAS (genome wide association study), they genome scan across person’s entire genome by plucking SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism- mutations) that represent each region well. And then check with SNPs show association with a disease outcome.
17) That’s what they did in the NEJM study. They found certain genes an some SNPs associated with hospitalization for respiratory failure on certain chromosomes. nejm.org/doi/full/10.10…
18) Sometimes a SNP falls in a known gene, but sometimes it falls in a less familiar region, but because the SNPs are correlated with many other mutations (polymorphisms if mutation is common), it could represent something else nearby that affects risk. nature.com/articles/s4158…
19) That’s why sometimes SNPs are called “haplotype tagging SNPs” in that they “tag” something going on affecting risk of disease in the nearby regional area. So even if we don’t know precisely what exactly, the SNP-&-disease study still tells us it’s linked with higher risk!!
20) So you can’t just rely on that 23andMe tells you that you have some Neanderthal genes, you need to know which ones you have. 23andMe doesn’t release all data without lots of robustness checks and validations for new disease risks, so they don’t release to you all risk data.

• • •

Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to force a refresh
 

Keep Current with Eric Feigl-Ding

Eric Feigl-Ding Profile picture

Stay in touch and get notified when new unrolls are available from this author!

Read all threads

This Thread may be Removed Anytime!

PDF

Twitter may remove this content at anytime! Save it as PDF for later use!

Try unrolling a thread yourself!

how to unroll video
  1. Follow @ThreadReaderApp to mention us!

  2. From a Twitter thread mention us with a keyword "unroll"
@threadreaderapp unroll

Practice here first or read more on our help page!

More from @DrEricDing

19 Feb
Outbreak of 69 #COVID19 cases in 2 schools, plus 20 at daycare centers in one Danish city—all #B117. “Something going on with the infection of [🇬🇧 variant] #B117 among children that we have not seen with the old coronavirus” says an epidemiologist. 🧵
cphpost.dk/?p=122479 Image
2) Two schools and eight daycare institutions in the central Jutland city of Kolding will remain closed until Friday following coronavirus outbreaks that experts claim underline the devastating potential of the British variant of COVID-19.
3) Speaking to DR, Viggo Andreasen, an professor at Roskilde University who is swiftly becoming favorite 🇩🇰 epidemiologist, questions whether there is “something going on with the infection of #B117 among children that we have not seen with the old coronavirus”.
Read 13 tweets
19 Feb
BREAKING—new #COVID19 vaccine efficacy study from Israel concludes that Pfizer/BioNTech's jab is up to 85% effective after the first dose after 15 days to day 28—and even 75% including asymptomatic cases—meaning it stops infections by 75%! Huge. 🧵
news.sky.com/story/covid-19… Image
2) The research, conducted by the Sheba Medical Centre, the country's largest hospital, has been published in the Lancet medical journal.

The hospital assessed the effectiveness of the first dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine among 7,000 of its healthcare employees.
3) Professor Eyal Leshem, an infectious disease expert and director of Sheba's Institute for Travel and Tropical Medicine, told Sky News: "This is first real-world evidence of effectiveness that shows up after the first dose of the vaccine.” 👀
Read 14 tweets
19 Feb
Sudden Kindergarten outbreak—a once small #COVID19 outbreak in an Austrian🇦🇹 kindergarten exploded from 10 cases Monday to suddenly *32 cases* by Wed—20 cases in kids, 12 adults & caregivers.

(Article in German—translation below). HT @hiems_mollis.
noen.at/melk/coronavir… Image
2) “some caregivers complained of symptoms on Saturday. They were then tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on Saturday, despite negative rapid tests on Friday. Already on Sunday, the parents of the 75 kindergarten children were informed via the kindergarten app "KidsFox".
3) “Since then, all children and caregivers have been quarantined, the kindergarten and, for safety reasons, the afternoon care KiLo, are closed until further notice.”
Read 12 tweets
18 Feb
So... @GovRonDeSantis misled the public, again. @RonDeSantisFL’s “Florida is 34th” claim excludes teens over 14 year old. When included, Florida pediatric cases is 9th. #COVID19

We epidemiologists just want to face palm daily.
2) this was how @GovRonDeSantis cheated the numbers. Image
3) after you properly add age 15-17, Florida pediatric #COVID19 cases jump to 9th (from the misleading 34th). Image
Read 6 tweets
18 Feb
Wow—Cuban 🇨🇺 government says it is on the brink of a successful #COVID19 vaccine invented in Cuba & mass production for export. 1 of 4 vaccines developed by Cuban scientists will enter final phase of testing next month. It may even offer it to tourists.
nytimes.com/2021/02/17/wor… Image
2) The vaccine heading for Phase 3 trial, is called Sovereign 2, in a nod to the pride the island takes in its autonomy. Already, Cuba is floating the idea of enticing tourists to its shores with the irresistible cocktail of sun, sand and a shot of Sovereign 2.
3) Vicente Vérez, one of the scientists leading the team that developed the vaccine, has said that the island could offer vaccinations to all foreigners who travel there.
Read 14 tweets
18 Feb
Let this injustice sink in—

Just 10 wealthy countries have monopolized 75% of all vaccinations delivered worldwide.

Now the United Nations has sharply criticized developed countries for hogging #COVID19 vaccines and called for global sharing. on.mktw.net/3pwhkwp
2) 130 countries have not received a single dose of vaccine and declared that “at this critical moment, vaccine equity is the biggest moral test before the global community.”
3) Of the countries with vaccination, it is dominated by a top few. Image
Read 5 tweets

Did Thread Reader help you today?

Support us! We are indie developers!


This site is made by just two indie developers on a laptop doing marketing, support and development! Read more about the story.

Become a Premium Member ($3/month or $30/year) and get exclusive features!

Become Premium

Too expensive? Make a small donation by buying us coffee ($5) or help with server cost ($10)

Donate via Paypal Become our Patreon

Thank you for your support!

Follow Us on Twitter!