I see new debate is going to be whether the fact that the severe disease outcomes from #COVID19 occurred in the placebo arms (not vaccine) is notable or not, including biostatisticians on secondary outcomes & powering. You may see a bent on here from #MDs who are very happy
about this as they are the ones who worked in the hospital this year. But let's actually discuss for a minute why rolling out a vaccine in the middle of a pandemic is SO different than previous pandemics. You see on timeline above that 1st flu vaccine was introduced in 1936
18 years after the influenza pandemic. Vaccine not rolled out smack-dab in midst of pandemic before this! And look what is happening in UK with such fast roll-out of 2 mRNA vaccines AND an adenovirus/DNA vaccine (AstraZeneca) that also (like J&J) doesn't have the same efficacy
against mild disease as the mRNA vaccines. However, by providing their country THREE vaccines (like the US has now done by adding J&J), their route to herd immunity is going so much faster than here. So, understand Detroit Mayor and others concerned about J&J but our
each of our immunity is informed by immunity in the population so let's consider the lessons of the UK while we argue too much (as we always do!) in the US. Finally, I have realized why MD perspective so different than PhD on twitter: if you are seeing patents, you
HATED severe disease from #covid19 and are delighted by the ability of these vaccines to defang the virus. You also see patients in your clinic whose depression, anxiety, misery, loneliness has been so incredibly awful during this time of lockdown & you want diseases, not cases,
to drive our decisions on alleviating the conditions (lockdown) that led to this pain. So, I am providing context for you why an MD's perspective may be different than a PhD epidemiologist on twitter who has numbers and p-values but not patients in their heads. And then please
all decide what you think is important in a society and what should drive what happened this last year to cause so much collateral damage- from my perspective, it was severe disease from #covid19. Fine to disagree! And that is my position on J&J vaccine.
wired.com/story/covid-19…
So going to deviate from some colleagues here and look at hospitalizations from #COVID19 with vaccine roll out as my FIRST metric when I wake up in morning to see how things are going (not cases): so amazed to see the trajectory in UK & Israel. Nothing better than real-world lab!
And I do recognize that UK still has restrictions which makes sense to me as vaccines roll out to keep transmission down as much as possible as you are applying veneer of final solution which are vaccines. Same with California, gradual easing over time with roll-out vaccines

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More from @MonicaGandhi9

7 Mar
How long will immunity from COVID-19 vaccine last? Let's remember from papers tweeted before, immunity from natural infection & vaccinations across viruses lasts long. Remember: survivors of 1918 flu: memory B cells can stimulate Abs to fight same strain
nature.com/articles/natur…
Then immunity from pertussis, measles vaccinations lasts long long time - look at those T-cells (CD4 and CD8) from measles vaccination continue strong, measured out to 34 years after vaccination
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P…
Then let's turn to the RNA viruses that are coronaviruses (influenza, measles both RNA viruses too). There are coronaviruses that cause colds (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) for instance & coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS) that - like SARS-CoV-2 cause more severe symptoms. Behooves us to
Read 15 tweets
7 Mar
hi - will be posting thread on how long immunity should last to vaccine later today & then off twitter x 3 days due to huge HIV meeting! But wanted to make one plea to #covid19 experts. It behooves us to look at vaccine clinical trial data carefully and memorize every detail. BUT
let's incorporate data from real-world roll-out that is coming in droves when we discuss the vaccines on 2 points: 1) Transmission: Already tweeted all those papers/analyses from real-world (NEJM, Lancet no slouches!) that asymptomatic infection reduced after vaccines.
2) Real-world data since trials has shown repeatedly that severe disease/deaths plummeting in populations who are vaccinated. So, if one is concerned about sample sizes in the clinical trials for a secondary outcome, incorporate that data!
Read 4 tweets
2 Mar
What are 3 immediate consequences of vaccines preventing asymptomatic infection (e.g. prevent forward transmission?): 1) vaccinated told they don't need to quarantine by CDC after exposure; 2) schools don't need distancing after teacher vax; 3) I would discourage surveillance
testing of asymptomatic individuals after vaccination with PCR tests. Why? Let's remember reason we do asymptomatic screening-to prevent transmission to others. A vaccinated person is safe from symptomatic infection so won't need routine screening for SARS-CoV-2 unless symptoms
Hope the data that, after vaccination- if you are exposed to SARS-CoV-2- the viral load in your nose will be low is convincing to you (two papers: medrxiv.org/content/10.110…
medrxiv.org/content/10.110…). If so, then you don't want to use a high sensitivity test like PCR for surveillance
Read 4 tweets
2 Mar
Two arms of the immune system- antibodies (from B cells) and T cells (two types, cytotoxic T cells or CD8+ and helper T cells or CD4+). Th1-CD4 cells and CD8 cells are the main immune defenses against viruses. Antibodies will rise & fall with time (depending on severity #covax1
Paper looked at SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ & CD8+ T cell responses from those who had natural infection with non-variant, compared to variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, CAL.20C. Also looked at those vaccinated with Pfizer/Moderna against variants #covax1
biorxiv.org/content/10.110…
Several of these variants can affect antibody binding and function (either monoclonal or polyclonal), especially B.1.351 & P.1 (remember prevalence in J&J trial where severe disease outcomes unaffected). T cell responses affect disease severity, #covax1
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…
Read 9 tweets
1 Mar
Let's put data on why vaccines reduce transmission all in 1 place: Beyond sheer biological plausibility that vaccine-mediated immune responses block viral replication in nose, through which you are most likely to spread the virus, as effectively as blocks elsewhere, data here:
Lancet preprint showed that health-care workers in UK swabbed every two weeks after vaccination had an 86% reduction in asymptomatic infection compared with unvaccinated individuals: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cf…
Other data in Lancet - health care workers vaccinated had 85% reduction in infection (asymptomatic & symptomatic) 15-28 days after 2nd dose
thelancet.com/journals/lance…
Read 8 tweets
28 Feb
UK today records lowest case in 5 months! I am sorry, the U.S. is not vaccinating fast enough. We are in a race of cases vs vaccines. UK had its own variant (B117) with likely increase in transmissibility & they could have lost their race but they didn't
independent.co.uk/news/health/co…
They didn't lose because they approved 3 vaccines- one adenovirus/DNA vaccine (AztraZeneca) + 2 mRNA vaccines (Pfizer/Moderna) & went crazy with roll-out: 1 dose to all first (2nd in 12 weeks). And remember, AztraZeneca is the one with less efficacy for mild disease with variants
but doesn't matter. Why? Because herd immunity means that you win race. You turn more sheep pink (two white not next to each other to pass) & virus slows down. We are not slowing our virus fast enough. We didn't approve a 3rd vaccine until today (J&J authorized today by the way)
Read 4 tweets

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