Violence by men against women: Is sustained by cultural and structural factors. Christopher Kilmartin’s book chapter (2015) provides an accessible account. See xyonline.net/sites/xyonline… 1/5
At the top of the pyramid are perpetrators, the minority who are violent towards women. Next, the group of (mostly) men who are the direct facilitators of the violence. They condone, stay silent, don’t intervene. 2/5 
Then there are the cultural standard-bearers, people with wide influence and access to large audiences who use this platform to promote gender-based violence. Such as politicians, media commentators. They tap into broadly held cultural attitudes towards women. 3/5
The next level of the pyramid is prejudice and dehumanization. These provide a foundation for cultural standard-bearers, direct facilitators, and ultimately, offenders. Including sexist norms and victim-blaming. 4/5
The base of the pyramid is inequality, disadvantage, and power differences. Male privilege in economic and political life and everyday sexist norms and interactions. Book chapter (2015) here: xyonline.net/sites/xyonline…. 5/5
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