This lineage is defined by 15 genetic variants including 6 Spike protein variants.
Two variants of these 6 (E484Q and L452R) are involved in immune escape as well as increased infectivity. More about these variants and immune escape can be found at ESC clingen.igib.res.in/esc
This lineage is also now found in a number of countries including UK, USA, Australia, Singapore and Germany
See thread by @bani_jolly on the Phylogenetic context of the genomes with E484q + L452R
A recent preprint biorxiv.org/content/10.110… suggests L452R could 1. Bind with better affinity to receptor 2. Increase viral replication 3. Escape presentation of an immunodominant epitope by HLA-A*24:02 - making it one of the few variants which can escape T cell immunity.
The Allele Frequencies for HLA-A*24:02 from the #IndiGen dataset of whole genomes is modest at 13.9%
The highest frequencies for this allele is ~80% in Taiwan and East Asia.
More about the IndiGen programme of @CSIR_IND is at indigen.igib.in
#Zika virus outbreaks in #India. Should we be worried ?
A long 🧵
#Zika is not a new virus.
🔴We have known it for decades, and India has seen previous, albeit small outbreaks in multiple states. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Kerala, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, MP, TamilNadu , Delhi, Punjab, Telengana and Jharkhand in the previous years.
🔴This year, we have a multi-state outbreak with cases reported from Karnataka, Kerala and at least three districts in Maharashtra.
🔴The actual number of cases are unknown as there is no public tracker yet and the known is possibly just a small fraction of the disease burden.
🔴 #Mpox aka #Monkeypox is spreading .
But not where you think it is.
A short 🧵
The latest situation report on the multi-country outbreak of #mpox from @WHO has come out . In Summary:
▶️ 87,929 cases and 146 deaths from Jan 2022
▶️ 111 countries / territories affected as of date
▶️ The European and American Outbreak of #mpox which followed a super spreader event last year is pretty well under control.
There are few cases still being reported, but vaccination campaigns have brought the outbreak pretty well under control.
▶️ Continued infection of poultry and spillover into humans could potentially accelerate evolution and adaptation to human to human tranmission
▶️ Adaptation to other mammals noted in the past, through evolutionary processes.
▶️ Genome analysis suggest the origin by reassortment of genomes from poultry H9N2 backbone
#COVID19 in #China.
What we know and what we don't.
A long thread, summarizing my thoughts, which I hope to keep updated over the coming weeks.
To give a brief background:
The aggressive approach by #China to contain the virus following initial cases in Wuhan, has been seen with awe and admiration by man.
This included:
🔴Strict quarantine & lockdown
🔴Massive testing & surveillance
🔴Early vaccines
🔴Health Infra
While COVID19 spread across the rest of the world, infecting and killing millions of people, and putting healthcare infrastructure to the brim of their capacities, China remained isolated, contained the spread and remained an outlier in many aspects.
Data @WHO
🔘Recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2 and XBB/XBB.1 the recent and emerging recombinant variants with large immune evasive potential.
A short 🧵on emerging evidence.
Recombinant variants of viruses are generated when two or more viruses co-infect a cell at the same time. Chances for co-infection is rare, but nevertheless they occur.
Genomic surveillance can efficiently pick up such recombinant isolates.
There are 49 odd recombinant variants now catalogued for #SARSCoV2 by @PangoNetwork , an open collaboration of scientists across the world.
PANGO names recombinant variants of #SARSCoV2 with a name starting with 'X'.
🔴The curious case of Indian #Monkeypox Genomes
Wonderful effort by clinicians in @KeralaHealth who diagnosed the disease and researchers at @icmr_niv, we now have sequences of MPX isolates in @GISAID .
This short 🧵is on what the early genomes say.
Analysis @bani_jolly
Briefly 4⃣ genome sequences have been deposited for two samples (EPI_ISL_13953610 and EPI_ISL_13953611) along with 2 re-sequenced genomes from isolates of one of the sample.
▶️Both the isolates were from early cases reported from Kerala
▶️Both cases have a travel history
The present sustained human-human transmission of the MPX virus is believed to have happened via superspreader events in Europe with 16000+ cases now spread across 70+ countries,
The initial cases seemingly were predominantly among gays/bisexuals and msm networks