Cravings are almost universally associated with a combination of low dopamine, low GABA, and elevated glutamate and cortisol
The endopioid system seems to play a role as well, unifying both dopamine and GABA in brain regions associated with pain perception and positive reinforcement
Managing cravings at the deepest level means understanding this well enough to correct any inbalance necessary
For example: managing stress, avoiding alcohol, avoiding activities like watching porn that desensitize dopamine/opioid receptors, avoiding hyper-palatable foods, etc
In some cases nutrients that feed into the synthesis of these neurotransmitters may play a key role as well
I've had excellent experience myself with B6, zinc, taurine, magnesium, and l-theanine, just to name a few
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For many of those suffering from depression, SSRIs don't provide any benefit just by increasing serotonin, but rather through the downstream effects of serotonin receptor activation
Only a subset of depression patients actually present low serotonin
Other issues like reduced neurogenesis factors, elevated neuroinflammation, skewed GABA/glutamate ratios, etc, are present in the majority of cases
Activation of 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors seems to be responsible for much of these effects
Research suggests they mediate changes in inflammation and BDNF levels long term
SSRIs have even been shown to provide analgesic effects, likely through their effects on endorphin levels
Asking a dermatologist if you should get daily sunlight exposure is like asking an atheist if you should go to church every week
In dermatology, one of the worst things that could possibly happen to you is skin cancer
In medicine in general, skin cancer is not common compared to other cancers or metabolic issues, and not very fatal, especially if caught early (even melanoma survival rate is 98+%)
On the other hand, daily sun exposure actually reduces risk for many other types of cancer, heart disease, and many other health issues
Skin cancer risk is increased by sunburn, NOT sun exposure, so as long as you don't burn your risk of skin cancer is not increased
The idea that cultures that use entheogens for the purpose of religious experience or enlightenment are not practicing "real spirituality" couldn't be further from the truth
All religion has roots in shamanism, it's only in more recent history that other religions have replaced shamanism with non-psychoactive sacraments
This is an excellent lecture that expands on this point:
There's nothing wrong with any religion, with or without the use of substances, all can provide genuine religious experience
The issue we're seeing in Western society is that because the experience of shamanism isn't available, it has been co-opted out as a tourist attraction
For a few months now I've been experimenting with microdoses of naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist
I'd like to unpack some of the benefits I've noticed and the most likely mechanisms through which it works
Naltrexone works through two primary mechanisms
1. antagonizing (inhibiting) the opioid receptors, most potently the mu opioid receptors which are responsible for the euphoria and pain relief from opiates and endorphins
There's an interesting divergence between what allows humans to function better in the short term vs. the long term
We see decreased longevity with increase calorie consumption and more animal products, but better exercise performance and nutrient status at the same time
From an evolutionary fitness perspective optimal health only needs to extend up to or slightly beyond reproductive age, so even an ancestral diet isn't guaranteed to provide benefit far beyond that point
That said, there do seem to be some principles that overlap
For example, nutrient deficiency has been robustly linked to a variety of short and long term health issues and symptoms
I think it's best to target the basics like this first, then progress toward the goal of longevity/disease prevention from there