The idea that cultures that use entheogens for the purpose of religious experience or enlightenment are not practicing "real spirituality" couldn't be further from the truth
All religion has roots in shamanism, it's only in more recent history that other religions have replaced shamanism with non-psychoactive sacraments
This is an excellent lecture that expands on this point:
There's nothing wrong with any religion, with or without the use of substances, all can provide genuine religious experience
The issue we're seeing in Western society is that because the experience of shamanism isn't available, it has been co-opted out as a tourist attraction
We need to find a way to assimilate shamanism into the Western world, so that other traditions like the use of ayahuasca can be preserved without being twisted to meet the growing tourist demand
Ideally these plants should be legalized so that new traditions can be established without interference in other cultures in the process
Thankfully things are moving in the right direction with some of the recent initiatives legalizing entheogens in select cities
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For a few months now I've been experimenting with microdoses of naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist
I'd like to unpack some of the benefits I've noticed and the most likely mechanisms through which it works
Naltrexone works through two primary mechanisms
1. antagonizing (inhibiting) the opioid receptors, most potently the mu opioid receptors which are responsible for the euphoria and pain relief from opiates and endorphins
There's an interesting divergence between what allows humans to function better in the short term vs. the long term
We see decreased longevity with increase calorie consumption and more animal products, but better exercise performance and nutrient status at the same time
From an evolutionary fitness perspective optimal health only needs to extend up to or slightly beyond reproductive age, so even an ancestral diet isn't guaranteed to provide benefit far beyond that point
That said, there do seem to be some principles that overlap
For example, nutrient deficiency has been robustly linked to a variety of short and long term health issues and symptoms
I think it's best to target the basics like this first, then progress toward the goal of longevity/disease prevention from there
Carbohydrates aren't converted into fat unless they're consumed far above maintenance calories
That said, loading up glycogen stores can make it less likely that dietary fat will be used for energy as glycogen is the priority energy source
To put it simply: carbs and fat can both contribute to a caloric surplus which can result in weight gain either way, but of the two it is the dietary fat that's stored as it requires the least conversion
Processed carbs do still have several characteristics that make them more likely to cause caloric surplus in many cases
They are often found in overly palatable foods that are designed to be addictive, though in some cases (ie donuts) they are also combined with fat
Methyl-B12, betaine, and SAMe all increase methylation by providing methyl groups for reactions, with methyl-B12 being the least potent, and SAMe being the most
Niacin decreases methylation by depleting methyl groups from the liver during metabolism, and increases acetylation
Folate is especially interesting as it dynamically regulates methylation, acting as a cofactor for methylation reactions in normal concentrations, while decreasing methylation downstream of its activity at the folate receptor when taken at higher doses
B6 is required to clear methyl waste, aka homocysteine, allowing it to be metabolized into useful cysteine, sulfate, and taurine
B2 is a cofactor for the metabolism synthetic folic/folinic acid from plant foods and supplements
With the sheer amount of research like this that exists, dismissing the potential role of poor nutrition/nutrient deficiency in mental health issues seems insane to me
I've seen many that don't like this idea because they believe it places blame on the individual suffering
Really the opposite is true, the vast majority of people have at least some nutrient deficiency, our food is frequently low quality, and we aren't taught nutrition in school
Frankly I see this connection as one of the most hopeful findings for mental health in the last few decades, if anything it suggests that we have a remarkable amount of control over our own well-being