1/Nearly everything we take for granted in the modern world is the result of government funded research and public-private partnerships. @apoorv_bh89 recently laid down this challenge. Challenge accepted.
2/The weird but true story of the government-backed McRib goes back, way back, to the days of WWII. Supplying soldiers in combat with healthy and tasty food to keep them going in trying conditions has been a challenge for millennia.
3/WWII meant delivering a lot of things, including food, on a size and scale that had never been done before. The military partnered with the private sector to provide better and better options for combat meals. Famously, this produced the M&M. militarytimes.com/off-duty/2016/…
4/After WWII, the DoD continued funding research on food. By the 1960s, the Food and Container Institute, housed at the US Army Natick Soldier Systems Center, became a sophisticated home for all kinds of advanced food research. militarybase.net/u-s-army-nssc/
5/One of the problems that the Food and Container Institute set out on: what could be done to make less savory cuts of meat more appealing to soldiers? They launched a program on “restructured meat” (an unsavory name) using “meat glue” (even more unsavory).
7/So the original INNOVATION behind the McRib did come from the government, but as any good #EnergyTwitter member will ask, what about the DEPLOYMENT? Or Deployment-led-innovation @jigarshahdc? Well the government had a role there too.
8/The US Government has long maintained industry R&D, called “checkoff” programs, where industries must dedicate a portion of sales to long term initiatives. The National Pork Board, appointed by the Sec. of Agriculture, directs the US pork R&D program. porkcheckoff.org/about/
9/Other researchers began noticing the military innovations, and researchers at the University of Nebraska used funds from the pork checkoff program to develop what would become the McDonald’s McRib.
10/Like so many other innovations, government funding laid the groundwork for the private sector to take off when the need arose. By the late 1970s, a chicken shortage led McDonald’s to seek out new products, and the McRib was born. retroist.com/the-history-of…
11/I point this silly example out for a reason: we once spent much more money on R&D than we do today, and we take a lot of the ongoing benefits from that public R&D surge for granted. We need much more R&D funding and public-private partnerships.
12/There are a lot of opportunities right now to expand our R&D footprint and yield more results, like the new DOE Deployment Office. We need this and more, because the benefit of this kind of research is immense.
13/So next time you get in a debate about the role of public R&D, remember the humble McRib. Our modern world is literally built on public R&D spending, and we can build an even better world with more. END.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
1/Alright this is an experiment, probably my most obscure thread to date, but I want to talk about one of the step-change tech breakthroughs being applied to geothermal that is transforming the sector: the polycrystalline diamond cutter (PDC) drill bit. THREAD:
2/First, a little overview of the drilling process, which is similar whether you are targeting oil, gas, geothermal, minerals, water, etc. It mostly involves breaking rock down with a drill bit and removing the pieces by circulating them up from the bottom.
3/A predominant early method of drilling basically involved dropping something hard into the ground over and over again to make a hole, called “percussion drilling”. You can see this technique in action many times in There Will Be Blood.
1/Ok so now that we are all interested in electricity reliability, really big ruling from the California PUC today. Recognizes a 7000MW (!!) shortfall by 2025 and calls for new resources, including 1000MW each of new geothermal and long duration storage. docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/…
2/What’s going on? 2020 rotating outages exposed major vulnerabilities in California and in the next few years, Diablo Canyon nuclear and a lot of once-through cooling (OTC) natural gas is set to retire. The problem is just going to get worse.
3/The Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) ruling looked at revised peak load requirements, shutdowns of nuclear and gas capacity, and compared it to existing planned procurement in the state. It’s not pretty. Mid case below:
Regular reminder that pretty much everything defining the modern energy sector--wind, solar, shale O&G, li-ion batteries, EVs--has its roots in a brief period in the 70s when we actually spent $$$ on R&D. We can and should do it again. Chart from @ITIFdc.
Wind:
"In the United States, in contrast to Denmark, the oil crisis of 1973/4 resulted in a sudden government intervention into wind energy which, paradoxically, was to prove a crucial factor in the growth of Danish firms." hbs.edu/faculty/Public…
Wind:
"Between 1973 and 1988, $380 million of federal was spent on wind turbine development. Following the pattern of AECs funding of civilian nuclear power , the government fully funded large turbines by leading firms, including Boeing, General Electric and Westinghouse."
1/Alright, now that everyone is paying attention to geothermal, time to discuss one of the more exciting developments that is driving geothermal growth to become a mainstream resource: the emergence of modern, emission free, low temperature binary cycle geothermal plants. THREAD
2/Geothermal power for a long, long time, since at least 1904 when the Larderello steam field produced 10 kW in Tuscany. But for nearly the first 100 years, geothermal was limited to places like Larderello, extremely high temperature reservoirs. power-technology.com/features/oldes…
3/This is because geothermal power used dry steam of flash technology, and to provide power, the fluid had to have enough steam to directly power a turbine. By contrast, binary cycle plants heat a different working fluid for the power conversion process. (from DOE GeoVision)
1/Ok y’all, this @jasonbordoff piece is just fantastic. His boldest, and in my opinion accurate, claim is that petrostates will be winners of climate change policy. So let’s unpack that with a THREAD. foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/05/cli…
2/The first principle you need to understand is the nature of current oil production and reserves:
Big Oil (Majors) makes the most headlines, but National Oil Companies (NOCs) have the most oil. Big Oil only controls ~10% of global oil reserves. webstore.iea.org/download/direc…
3/And beyond that, not all reserves are equal. Check out WoodMac’s estimate on breakevens by resource. Notice something? The VAST MAJORITY of low cost oil is controlled by NOCs. woodmac.com/reports/upstre…
1/Emissions calculations for different techs have major impact on legislation, regulation, and customer perception, especially for geothermal, but are often not well understood. So today, a THREAD on operational and life cycle emissions, technologies, and how it impacts policy.
2/Some definitions. When we think about emissions for technologies, two common categories are operational emissions, just the emissions released at the source during operations, and life cycle analysis (LCA) emissions, which are all of the emissions in the entire process.
3/This graphic for cars is useful. The operational emissions are what come out of the tailpipe, but the LCA emissions are everything. Mining, manufacturing, fuels, recycling, land use, etc.