As people much smarter than me have said, the issue of vaccinating children against #COVID19 is a tricky one

I urge caution if you think it is straightforward

A quick look at recent developments and decisions from around the world to put this into context

1/7
A quick recap of main considerations:

-Children's risk from #COVID19 is extremely low
-Vaccines are very safe but do have some rare adverse effects
-Vulnerable people in other countries need vaccinating, and supplies are limited
-Younger children are different from teens

2/7
First to Germany 🇩🇪

Following EMA approval of Pfizer for 12 - 15yo, their vaccine advisory committee is recommending the jab only for those with existing comorbidities putting them at higher risk

3/7
reuters.com/article/instan…
Next to Israel 🇮🇱

Their health ministry is recommending the jab only for 12-15yo who are higher risk for severe illness, live with vulnerable family members, or who are travelling over seas

4/7
gov.il/en/departments…
Finally the USA 🇺🇸

After issuing EUA for 12-15yo, the FDA seem less certain about this being the correct route for younger children, given their different immunology, lower disease risk, lower transmission risk, and need for more safety data (see 🧵)

5/7
Important qus:

-Do benefits of vaccines for kids outweigh potential risks? (prob yes, but more data needed)
-Do we need to vaccinate kids to interrupt transmission? (maybe teens, unlikely younger)
-Can we justify vaccinating kids whilst vulnerable in LMICs waiting? (?)

6/7
These are thorny issues for the JCVI to consider for the short term: risks, benefits, and global equity

Even just for domestic policy, would vaccines be better given to kids, or as seasonal boosters for the vulnerable?

I'm grateful for those leaning into the uncertainty

7/7
It’s also useful to understand that there are 2 different types of decision here (depending on where you live)

- Policy makers deciding on risk balance across populations and prioritisation of resources
- Parents deciding on individual risk balance for their child/children
And of course, it is vitally important for teenagers that THEY have a say

I know that work is ongoing through the NIHR Transmission of COVID in Schools study network to get feedback and input from young people themselves on policy decision and implementation

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More from @apsmunro

9 Jun
There are some claims that the ongoing randomised trial of Daily Contact Testing (DCT) vs blanket quarantine/isolation in schools for cases of #COVID19 is "unethical"

Here is a short thread on why that is completely wrong

1/8
Randomised trials are indicated (ethical) when we have "equipoise", meaning we can't be sure which of some options is better

We want to get the best of all outcomes, e.g. a pill which is really good at treating mild coughs but frequently causes cancer is not good overall

2/8
For COVID-19 cases in schools, we know that we want to avoid transmission, but we also know that children missing school is harmful

There is equipoise as to whether the best of *all outcomes* is blanket quarantining of bubbles, or doing DCT

But wait, there's more

3/8
Read 8 tweets
3 Jun
I've spent the last year running #COVID19 vaccine trials, and am leading one now as part of my PhD

I've spoken to A LOT of people about these vaccines!

If you ever feel confused about the vaccines against #COVID19 , hopefully this is the thread for you

We'll keep it simple!💉
Vaccines work by using your adaptive immune system (the part which remembers bugs) which is made up of 2 major parts:

- Humoral: Cells make antibodies to tag/attack bugs
- Cellular: Cells which directly recognise and attack/kill bugs (mainly T cells)
Usually, your immune system would see a bug (often a virus or bacteria) and learns how to recognise it by remembering specific bits we call "antigens"

It makes lots of antibodies and cells against these antigens the first time it sees them, ready to fight next time they appear!
Read 24 tweets
24 May
Some decent data is now emerging regarding prolonged symptoms after acute #COVID19 infection in children

Fortunately the data looks reassuring 👍

Low prevalence of prolonged symptoms in children, especially when compared to a control group

Let's take a look!

1/5
First, a large serology screening study from Switzerland 🇨🇭

No difference between seropositive and negative children with symptoms beyond 4 weeks (~10%), and similarly very low rates of symptoms at 6 months (2 & 4%)

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

2/5
Next, a study from the UK using ZOE data 🇬🇧

Very low rates of prolonged symptoms at 4 w (4.4%) and <2% beyond 2 months

Of note, severity of symptoms was worse in the comparator group who tested negative...!

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

3/5
Read 5 tweets
19 May
EXCITING NEWS!

The @CovBoost clinical trial is open for registration of interest!

What is the @CovBoost trial you say?

Let me tell you!

CovBoost.org.uk

1/6
COV-Boost is a multi centre RCT for evaluating 3rd dose boosters against COVID-19

Which is most immunogenic?

Which have the best side effect profile?

Does it matter whether you had Pfizer or Oxford to start with?

We need to find out!

2/6
Who can take part?

We’re recruiting adults aged 30 and above who have had 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine, with the first dose in January 2021 or in December 2020

If that’s you - please consider taking part!

CovBoost.org.uk

3/6
Read 7 tweets
19 May
Not much time to tweet but this is important

Figures for hospitalisations and deaths for kids from COVID-19 should be treated with *extreme caution*

Incidental positive tests make up a big proportion - up to 40% in data from California

nymag.com/intelligencer/…

1/4
Remember the paediatric wards in London supposedly filling up with children with COVID-19 last autumn?

Not only were they not very sick, a full 33% of them were admitted for something unrelated to COVID-19

They just happened to test positive

doi.org/10.1016/S2352-…

2/4
Reports are of 600 child deaths from COVID-19 in the US, but no clarification of how many children died WITH COVID-19, or FROM COVID-19 (unlike adults, this is a big issue for kids data)

NB: The CDC estimates ~600 child deaths from flu annually

cdc.gov/flu/spotlights…

3/4
Read 4 tweets
4 May
Three great new studies of COVID in children this week!

First, household transmission in Germany 🇩🇪

Contacts of PCR pos cases tested Serology

Children both less susceptible AND less infectious when index cases than adults

journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-…

1/4
Next COVID in children from in Hong Kong 🇭🇰

>300 children positive, only 3 cases acquired in School and all the rest in the household or from travel

jamanetwork.com/journals/jaman…

2/4
Finally, a household contact study from Israel 🇮🇱

Contacts tested with both PCR AND Serology (subset)

Children about half as susceptible to adults and nearly half as infectious

journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/a…

3/4
Read 4 tweets

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