In excess dopamine itself can induce neurotoxicity, but its waste products cause more issues for the average individual
DOPAL, DOPAC, etc, accumulate in the nervous system after large burst of dopamine release, or longterm when glymphatic system function is impaired
One of the essential roles of the glymphatic system is the clearance of neurotransmitter wastes during sleep by flushing out cerebrospinal fluid
One of the main reasons drugs like methamphetamine are so neurotoxic is the combination of high dopamine and impaired sleep
I've even found a few reports of individuals with directly impaired glymphatic activity through tumor growth blocking CSF flow, which can cause rapid neurodegeneration
On a larger scale, sleep quality throughout life is one of the biggest determinants of brain health
This process is regulated by melatonin, adenosine, GABA, and acetylcholine, and impaired by stimulatory neurotransmitters like glutamate and cortisol
Fix your circadian rhythm/light environment, and try magnesium glycinate and l-theanine before sleep
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Those of my followers that are into crystals may find this interesting...
This is apatite, the calcium phosphate crystal that actually makes up about 70% of human bone! Apatite forms a network of bonds with collagen, which give bone greater impact support/flexibility
When synthesizing bone, the body lays our a framework of collagen proteins that apatite crystals bind to and grow between
It's actually the collagen proteins that determine bone development, which is why damage to the apatite-collagen bond is disastrous
In natural mineral deposits appatite often contain chlorine or flourine ions, whereas in the human body it contains -OH groups
It actually forms the same hexagonal crystal system (molecule geometry) as quartz
Veganism can still cause B12 deficiency even if an individual is taking B12 supplements
This is because in healthy individuals only about 60% of the RDI for B12 can be absorbed per serving, so taking a single supplemental dose per day isn't sufficient
In individuals with gut inflammation issues like IBS, B12 absorption is impaired and can be even lower
Part of the reason most only last 5-10 years max on a vegan diet is because that's how long it takes the average person's liver B12 stores to be completely depleted
If you supplement B12, bioavailability can be increased through sublingual, topical, or injection administration
Methyl-B12 is the most optimal form for most, as it's the activated form used most by the body, and the form found in animal products
Cholesterol levels in the body are regulated separately from dietary cholesterol intake
This means that eating a diet higher or lower in cholesterol does not increase or decrease testosterone
Any hormonal changes that do occur are caused by macro or micro nutrient changes
One of the most notable dietary factors that might actually affect testosterone is fat consumption
This study compared moderate fat consumption to a low-fat diet and found a minor increase with higher fat intake (13% higher total test) pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8942407/
This study also found a decrease in testosterone and other estrogens when dietary fat is restricted pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6538617/
It's not clear whether this occurs as a result of the fat itself, or from another factor
Serotonin plays just as much of a role in promoting adaptability as it does in emotion
Low serotonin states are characterized by ritualistic tendencies, perfectionism, and less openess to new ideas and experiences
Many low-serotonin individuals may still be highly successful at school or work, but without much emotional fulfillment from it
Low serotonin is also commonly seen in anxiety, depression, OCD, and autism, so it's common to experience inner stress despite appearing functional
This "functional depression" also seems to play a role in how suicidal tendencies go unnoticed
All that said, it's important to note that serotonin is NOT the end all be all of depression, and may not even be the primary underlying factor in most mental disorders
REM sleep is characterized by little to no physical movement, but a higher level of mental activity
Non-REM sleep is characterized by more physical movement, but the least amount of mental activity experienced at any point during the day
REM sleep is the more "restful" of the two, and is governed by a variety of neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and especially acetylcholine
Lower levels of acetylcholine are seen during aging and seem to parallel decreased ability to enter REM sleep
Acetylcholine governs key aspects of learning, memory, and neuroplasticity, and lower levels of it are also why they implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Dementia
Many neuroprotective herbs/supplements increase acetylcholine by inhibiting its breakdown