Al-Farrāʾ's maʿānī al-qurʾān is an important early source of a somewhat systematic description of the Kufan readings. Usually what he reports agrees with what we find in the canon. But sometimes he deviates from it, like this discussion for Q29:66. He tells us:
"ʿĀṣim and al-ʾAʿmaš recited wa-l-yatamattaʿū, taking it as a command or rebuke, with no vowel on the Lām, and the people of the Ḥijāz read wa-li-yatamattaʿū with a kasrah (on the lām) taking it to mean kay 'in order to'"
But that's not how ʿĀṣim is said to read!
Indeed at least for the Medinan Nāfiʿ, disagreement is reported for reading wa-li-yatamattaʿū. In canonical transmissions both the Medinans Waṛš from Nāfiʿ and ʾAbū Jaʿfar indeed read wa-li-yatamattaʿū as al-Farrāʾ reports (but Ibn Kaṯīr, the other Hijazi does not).
And indeed transmissions for al-ʾAʿmaš likewise report that he read as al-Farrāʾ describes. However, none of these transmissions agree with al-Farrāʾ that ʿĀṣim read this way!
al-Dānī in his monumental Jāmiʿ al-Bayān however reports disagreement on this word for ʿĀṣim.
The reading that al-Farrāʾ attributes to ʿĀṣim is indeed transmitted by the canonical reader al-Kisāʾī on the authority of Šuʿbah ʿan ʿĀṣim. As al-Kisāʾī was al-Farrāʾ's direct teacher he almost certainly got it from him.
Considering how early the source is, one step removed from Šuʿbah ʿan ʿĀṣim, it strikes me as likely that this is in fact the correct transmission, and that ʿĀṣim (or at least Šuʿbah) indeed recited wa-l-yatamattaʿū. The now-canonical reading may have become dominant only later
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What is it with Classical Arabic/Qurʾānic Arabic textbooks and teaching people incorrect Arabic...
It seems like everyone has decided collectively it's better to lie about the details than actually teach it correctly.
So then you get the joy of unlearning all you learned wrong!
Of course there's also just the downright ignorant stuff about the Arabic script.
Why on earth write on the history of the script at all, if you're not going to reality check even a single thing you're saying! ARGH!
Moreover, a book that purports to be about "Quranic Arabic" but is actually specificlaly about the Arabic of the reading of Ḥafṣ ʿan ʿĀṣim is defensible, but at the very least you should *mention* that it is.
In the Quranic text, the feminine ending -at is typically spelled with a hāʾ, ـه. However, on occasion it is written with ـت, tāʾ. Its distribution however is highly surprising, and gives insight into the original language of the Quran. Thread 🧵
The spelling with hāʾ is an unusual oddity of the Quranic (and later Classical) orthography, because in the vast majority of the contexts the feminine ending is pronounce as -at-a/i/u(n), that is with a /t/, so why would you not write it with a hāʾ?
The traditional explanation is that in Arabic one is to write a word as it should be written in utterance final position (also called pause/waqf). This does not really work for some other reasons I will not go into here, but let is accept this premise:
"Is the Quran (perfectly) preserved?" is a question I get a lot. I'm never sure how to answer this, or why I am considered the person to ask. This is obviously a question of faith, not something that can be known as an absolute truth. Against better judgment, a small thread.
You might be surprised to learn that the preservation of the Quran is not something that comes up in my work. Nor is it a theme at conferences about the Quran. When talking about the history of the Quran, "preservation" is simply completely irrelevant.
There are all kinds of things you can say about the transmissions and history of the Quranic text, and even sometimes with high probability. But it is not possible to have certainty that how the Quran we have today is syllable-by-syllable exactly how the prophet said it once.
An interesting set of questions which seemed big enough to make a little thread out of it. What can manuscripts tell us in terms of text criticism of the Quran? What can it tell us about the history of the reading traditions? Is it comparable to the bible?
First things first: all manuscripts that we have today (except one), all are from a single text type, the Uthmanic text type. This is a highly standardized text which shows very little variation across different manuscripts in its basis consonantal text.
There was a period of significantly more variation. The lower text of the Sanaa Palimpsest is a testament to that. Also the reports of companion codices like that of Ibn Masʿūd and ʾUbayy seem genuine, and clearly show that there was some more variation before canonization.
Months ago, I promised to do a follow-up thread on this series of comparisons between Nabataean Arabic and Old Hijazi. I said I would discuss the so-called Barth-Ginsberg alternation, this concerns the prefix vowel of verbs.
The medieval Arabic Grammarians tell us that the prefix vowel of verbs may be either /i/ or /a/, which is conditioned by the following vowel. If the vowel is /u, i/ the prefix vowel is /a/, and if the vowel is /a/, the prefix vowel is /i/.
- niʿlamu, nistaʿīnu
- naktubu, nafqidu
This alternation affects the prefix 1sg. ʾa/ʾi-, 1pl. na/ni- and the feminine or 2nd person ta/ti-. The masculine prefix ya- is said to be exempt from it (except for some contexts). Thus:
- ʾaktubu, taktubu, naktubu, yaktubu
- ʾiʿlamu, tiʿlamu, niʿlamu, YAʿlamu
The past few days I've been pondering over an interesting terminological conundrum in the use of the term madd 'length'/mamdūd 'lengthened' by al-Dānī (but also ibn Mujāhid), which seem to be mismatched with what he considered to be 'lengthened' in recitation.
So first some basics of Quranic recitation: the long vowels ā, ī and ū (and ē, ǟ and ǖ) are obligatorily made overlong whenever: 1. followed by a hamzah (glottal stop), e.g. السمآء as-samāāʾ "the sky" 2. in a closed syllable, e.g.: دآبّة dāābbah "animal"
This is called madd.
When there is disagreement among readers on such al-Dānī describes the long vowel that precedes the hamzah or consonant as "madd", rather than as ʾalif.
Ḥamzah and al-Kisāʾī: جعله دكا here with madd and hamz without tanwīn (dakkāʾa) and the rest: with tanwīn and no hamz (dakkan)