Strange synchronicities: I spent the day reading about Roman trade w India- which was far more substantial than its minimal trade with China along the Silk Road. The best evidence for this are the figures given by Pliny, whose villa was at Bellagio, right across the lake from me
The demand for silk & spices by the Roman aristocracy moved Pliny to remark that “India is brought near by lust for gain.. India is the sink of the world’s precious metal.. There is no year in which does not drain our empire of at least fifty five million silver sesterces… "
"So manifold is the labour employed & so distant is the region is the region of the globe drawn upon," Pliny continued, "to enable the Roman matron to flaunt transparent raiment in public." During the 1stC CE, at least 120 Roman ships sailed every year from the Red Sea to India.
One documented consignment from Muziris (in Kerala) to Alexandria consisted of 1,700 pounds of nard (aromatic balsam), over 4,700 pounds of ivory & almost 790 pounds of textiles. This was worth around 131 talents, enough to purchase 2,400 acres of the best farmland in Egypt.
Tacitus was just as disapproving as Pliny: "The promiscuous dress of male and female- and especially female extravagance by which, for the sake of jewels, our wealth is transported to alien and hostile countries."
Meanwhile the Tamil Cilappatikaram talks of Yavana guards who defected into Indian service- perhaps some of the mercenary bowman who Roman captains brought along to protect their ships against raids from Indian pirates, especially along the Kerala coast around Muziris.
• • •
Missing some Tweet in this thread? You can try to
force a refresh
A fine obituary of Roberto Calasso in New York Times
Renaissance Man of Letters, Dies at 80. A Florentine by birth, he was a polymath as an author and publisher (Kafka, Vedic philosophy, Greek mythology) who reached a wide international readership.
I first met Calasso in Milan through Bruce Chatwin, who he had championed in Italy, and turned into a bestseller; and in due course he did the same for me. If he liked a book, he could be the most powerful ally and would put his full authority and reputation behind it.
Suddenly you found your book being reviewed and taken incredibly seriously across Italy, and sent straight into top of the bestseller list.
So grateful to Shailen Bhandare for showing me my great gt uncle James Prinsep's notebooks & scrapbooks & his correspondence with Charles Masson which led him to use the new discovered bi-lingual Greek/Kharosthi inscriptions on Bactrian Greek coins to translate Brahmi & Kharosthi
James Prinseps notebooks contain all his thoughts as he worked away at the mint in Benares, drawing and copying the inscriptions on Indo Greek & Bactrian coins, trying to crack the two languages that obsessed him, Ashoka Brahmi and Kharosthi.
I was amused to see how Prinsep was especially obsessed with the coin of Demetrios I with his elephant headress that I posted last week
Fascinating day at Repton with Mark Horton and @CatJarman yesterday. I first came here to dig with Mark & Martin Biddle aged 17 in 1982- and was present at the discovery of the mass burial of the Viking Great Army, recently made famous by Cat's fabulous book River Kings
I rave reviewed Cat Jarman's River Kings in the FT in February- and can't recommemd it highly enough. Not only is it the best account of the archaeology of the Vikings, it also emphasizes the Vikings links to the East through a Gujerati carnelian bead that we found in the charnel
The Sons of Tipu handed over as hostages to Lord Cornwallis, 1791
Arthur Devis
Private Collection
A measure of how tastes and sensibilities change: British contemporaries somehow saw this as benign. To us, taking a five year old hostage feels profoundly cruel, even a war crime
"Cornwallis accepted Tipu's terms, but his terms were severe: Tipu must surrender half his kingdom, and pay an indemnity of 30 million rupees, release all his prisoners of war, and give his two eldest sons as hostages to guarantee full payment.
The borderlands next to the Marathas were to be handed over to the Peshwa; those next to Hyderabad to the Nizam; and the Company was to receive his territories in the Eastern Ghats as well as those in Coorg and spice-rich Malabar.
The Bakhshali Manuscript, now in the Bodleian Library, is by many centuries the oldest surviving Indic mathematical text and the oldest extant manuscript in the world to use zero and decimal place values.
This remarkable birch bark manuscript consists of 70 extremely fragile folios. It has been the subject of scholarly debates over its date, its purpose, the religious world inhabited by its writers & the question if whether it is unitary text or a collection of different treatises
Over the years, the dates proposed for the Bakhshali manuscripy vary from the third to the twelfth centuries CE, but it is currently thought to have been written around 700CE, a date recently confirmed by a new set of carbon C-14 dates.
The wanton part-destruction of the great Chamunda temple in Devi Kothi is so depressing. It is the Sistine Chapel of Pahari art, and the greatest surviving ensemble of Pahari paintings still in situ. India has such spectacular artistic heritage- and does so little to protect it.
The spectacular murals of Devi Kothi- left unprotected and now lost forever