Welcome, policing fans, policing critics, policing students, & everyone in between, this evening we are going to take an introductory look at Contemporary Policing.
Police services are provided by four different levels of government: city, county, state, and federal. Agencies at each level have different roles and responsibilities.
Within each category, moreover, there is tremendous variety
An industry perspective on American law enforcement provides a comprehensive picture of all the different producers of police services in a particular area
Civilianization is the process of replacing sworn officers with non-sworn personnel for certain positions.
They free up sworn officers for critical police work that requires a trained & experienced officer. They possess needed expertise in areas as computers or data analysis.
THINKING CHALLENGE: Visit the website of an agency in your region, and find out (a) the total number of employees who are authorized to work for the agency
The industry approach also provides a consumer’s perspective on policing. On a typical day, the average citizen receives police services from several different agencies.
Law enforcement is a labor-intensive industry. Personnel costs, including salaries and fringe benefits, consume about 85 to 90 percent of an agency’s budget
The efficiency of a police department depends heavily on how well it manages its personnel and what percentage of officers it places in patrol and investigative units.
A few areas are served by county police departments. They are essentially municipal police that operate on a countywide basis but do not have any of the non-law-enforcement roles of the county sheriff
The legal status of the sheriff is unique because in 37 states it is a constitutional office, whose responsibilities are defined in the state constitution.
Like the sheriff, the constable is an office whose roots can be traced back to colonial America. There are few constables left in the United States today
Special district police agencies serve particular government agencies or special geographic boundaries. Many airports and parks, for example, have their own police forces
A unique aspect of the criminal justice in the United States is that many Native American tribes maintain their own separate criminal justice systems, including tribal police departments, on their reservations
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) provides police services to more than one reservation and many tribes are not entitled to their own police departments
The most common administrative arrangement is for the tribe’s police agency to be created under the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
Rather than consolidation of law enforcement services between multiple towns, cities, and/or counties, other communities have opted to consolidate services within the same jurisdiction, referred to as public safety consolidation
Highway patrols are defined as agencies having “statewide authority to enforce traffic regulations and arrest non-traffic violators under their jurisdiction.”
There is considerable variation in the administrative structure of state law enforcement agencies. Several states have an umbrella agency containing a number of different departments responsible for various services.
After September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush led a substantial movement to alter the organizational structure of federal law enforcement, into two departments: the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Justice
On November 25, 2002, the Homeland Security Act was passed, creating the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), a new cabinet-level department that is responsible for activities pertaining to homeland security
In 1870, Congress established the Department of Justice with the attorney general as its administrative head. Although the structure of the Department of Justice has changed, its fundamental mission has remained the same
Private security is an important part of American law enforcement. It is estimated that there are as many as 90,000 private security organizations that employ more than 2 million people
Today, private security firms are responsible for patrolling and providing protection at public and private housing complexes, gated communities, business parks, malls, office complexes, power plants, and airports
The 9/11 Commission noted that 85 percent of the nation’s critical infrastructures are protected by private security organizations and roughly 5 percent of all private police are responsible for guarding and protecting a critical infrastructure or asset
Unlike most other countries, the United States does not have a national police system. There is no federal agency responsible for supervising local agencies or ensuring minimum standards
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