I keep wondering about the term "empire" and how we apply it to the Soviet Union but not, for example, to today's Russia and China, which are both instead called "multiethnic states". Is there an actual reason why we do this apart from convention?
My sense is that there is no conceptual difference between, say, the Soviet incorporation of the Baltics in 1940, and China's incorporation of Tibet in the 1950s.
Nor is there a great conceptual difference between, say, Moscow's relationship with Dagestan and Tuva today and Moscow's relationship with Moldavia and Turkmenistan in the 1960s or the 1970s.
Once we start unpicking what made the Soviet Union an empire, we find many (if not all) of the same characteristics in contemporary Russia and China. Why, then, don't we call Russia and China empires. Views?

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More from @DrRadchenko

5 Aug
This is a rather strange article. You'd think that, at one level, Russian policy-makers should be quite pleased with it because Kupchan here endorses a strategy (that the Biden administration has in any case been following) of easing off on Russia to focus on China. But...
But the evidence is unconvincing, many of the historical examples furnished get the facts wrong, and the whole premise of the article - that Washington can somehow convince Russia of what its national interests should be - infantilises Russia to a degree.
Kupchan argues that the relationship between China & Russia is asymmetrical; thus, Russia should presumably see that it is not in its interest to align with Beijing. Yet he also claims that the relationship allows Russia to push above its weight on the international stage.
Read 20 tweets
17 Jul
A pretty interesting article about Lavrov's recent adventures in Central Asia. kommersant.ru/doc/4907714?fb…. Highlights:
1) Lavrov criticises the US for quitting Afghanistan. 🤯
2) However, he doesn't want the US to have any bases / training centres in Central Asia.
3) But Putin apparently proposed that the US make use of Russian bases to track the situation in Afghanistan. 🤯
4) US refusal is construed to mean that the real purpose of US interest in Central Asia is to contain Russia, China and Iran.
5) Meanwhile, Lavrov spoke up against the US plan of allowing tens of thousands of pro-government Afghan refugees to settle in Central Asia, which, he indicated, could radicalise these countries.
Read 4 tweets
16 Jul
Reading Archie Brown's The Human Factor, which, though it is highly complimentary towards Gorbachev (to the point of sometimes being uncritically so), contains fierce criticism of Yeltsin. amazon.co.uk/Human-Factor-G…. 👇🏿
"His [Yeltsin's] prime aim," writes Brown, "was to remove Gorbachev from power and to take his place in the Kremlin. If that could have been done while preserving Soviet statehood, Yeltsin would have been more than happy to preside over the larger state."
"If his surest path to power involved the break-up of the union, it was one he was ready to follow." Brown quotes from the unpublished diary of former UK Ambassador Rodric Braithwaite, who wrote of Yeltsin in Sept 1990 that Yeltsin had "very little interest in policy matters."
Read 6 tweets
8 Jul
Archie Brown here discussing the reasons for the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in his new book. As my comments here indicate, I don't agree with this take.
First of all, the Soviets realised almost as soon as they invaded that it was a huge mistake. It was not like they thought it was going great and then suddenly discovered in 1985 that it was a blunder.
In fact, as Brezhnev's conversations with Karmal make clear, he hoped (much as Gorby would with Karmal and then Najibullah) that the Afghans would fight the war on their own, and not rely on Soviet support.
Read 6 tweets
7 Jul
@DmitriTrenin has on op-ed on Russia's new national security strategy in Kommersant: kommersant.ru/doc/4888683?fb…. Argues that historically Russia collapsed not because it was externally threatened but because the political elites lost the people's trust.
In other words, the key threat to Russia's national security is actually its own (low quality) political elite. Hard to disagree!
Trenin calls for a "meritocratic rotation" of the ruling elites to avoid this scenario. The problem is that it is difficult to have a meritocratic rotation in the absence of a democratic rotation. And you can't have a democratic rotation in the absence of democratic institutions.
Read 5 tweets
30 Jun
A thread about "Soviet democracy." Many people do not realise that the Soviet Union had "elections." Why, Stalin himself was "elected" to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. I was just reading today his "campaign speech," dated February 9, 1946 - it's a well-known speech. Image
It's well-known because it is seen as marking a turning point towards Cold War confrontation. In the speech Stalin rehabilitated the idea that capitalism inevitably leads to war, and advertised the might of the Red Army. It's a must-mention of any serious history of the Cold War.
But this thread is about something else. I learned while looking at the documents that Stalin personally wrote every word of this speech. The archives contain his hand-written original. What's funny is that at one point Stalin praises the Red Army for defeating Germany.
Read 6 tweets

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