Let's start w/CT. I'll focus on brain (and not bone or soft tissue). First:
* Identify normal structures and any abnormalities in:
- Size
- Shape
- Symmetry
(note *symmetric* abnormalities such as ventriculomegaly or diffuse cerebral edema may not be obvious w/o experience)
2/
Hypodensities= BROAD DDx. Distinguishing infl v infxn v neoplasm requires clinical context & more imaging.
Distinguishing stroke v the rest: if hypodensity respects gray-white junction= likely NOT stroke. Stroke close to cortical surface =affects both gray & white matter...
4/
Which one is the stroke?
Clinical context would help but, radiologically...
5/
⬆️The left one = hypodensity NOT respecting gray-white junction= ischemic stroke
The right one = respects G-W junction = tumor v infection v inflammation (in this case was toxo but no way to tell from non-con CT alone (let alone no clinical context)
6/
Hyperdensities: blood v calcification v hypercellular mass v IV contrast. Clinical context usually makes distinction obvious. When in doubt, Hounsfield units can distinguish
Here's an intracerebral hemorrhage (left) and neurocysticercosis (right)
7/
Now on to MRI. Here was also look for size/shape/symmetry of normal structures and abnormalities of these or presence of hypointensity or hyperintensity.
But the significance of hypo v hyper depends on the sequence....
8/
T1: Gray matter dark, white matter brighter
T2: Gray matter bright, white matter dark (like a photographic ‘negative’ of T1)
9/
FLAIR: T2 with CSF signal subtracted (makes it easier to see periventricular white matter lesions).
T2 on L, FLAIR on R. Can you see the lesion adjacent to the frontal horn of the right lateral ventricle on the T2? Nope! That's how FLAIR helps!
10/
Blood has different signal characteristics on T1 v T2 depending on age. See this table.
Mnemonic (I = iso, B= bright, D= dark)
IB
ID
BD
BB
DD
11/
DWI/ADC: looks for decreased diffusion of water molecules through tissue (bright on DWI/dark on ADC):
- cytotoxic edema (acute ischemic stroke, ongoing seizure activity)
- tightly packed cells (abscess, lymphoma)
- in cortical ribbon and basal ganglia in CJD
Here: MCA stroke 12/
GRE/SWI: blood and calcium are dark
Here: multiple microhemorrhages in a patient with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (see
So where to start? 1. As w/CT, look at size/shape/symmetry of structures (often done on T1)
2. FLAIR: look for hyperintensities=pathology
3. T1 pre vs post: look for whether lesions enhance (= blood brain barrier breakdown: inflammation/tumor/infection/subacute stroke)
14/
4. DWI/ADC: look for hyperintense DWI with corresponding hypointense ADC (and remember not all that restricts is stroke; see above)
5. GRE/SWI: look for hypointensities (blood or calcium)
15/
Still don't know the answer with the history, exam, labs and MRI....? Depending on context....
- Consider more imaging (MR Spectroscopy, PET, MR/CT perfusion)
- Consider CSF analysis
- Consider brain biopsy
16/
Want tons of CT and MRI examples of classic and rare diseases? Look up my book on AccessMedicine through your school's digital library for free access! accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?book…
Paul Farmer changed my life before I ever met him. I'm a cliche: I read Mountains Beyond Mountains as a student, my worldview changed, and I decided I wanted to follow in his footsteps and pursue global health equity when I grew up.
But an atypical version of the cliche...
🧵1/
I was a med school dropout/grad student in music when I read MbM! Here's the story, a portrait of Paul at the bedside, an attempt to capture two of the most meaningful moments in my life, a small homage to Paul from one of the countless lives he touched and shaped.💔 2/
Yes, @Tracey1milligan! How do I #LoveNeurology let me count the ways! 🧠❤️
A 🧵
Below is from a presentation where we each gave a pitch to students why our specialty was the best. All due respect to admired colleagues in other specialties, roasting/humor was encouraged😀
So when trying to choose a specialty, your advisor may ask you what’s your favorite organ?
You’ve heard the arguments:
- the skin is the largest organ in the body
- the heart moves and makes cool sounds
- the kidney has such fascinating biochemistry (if you're into that)
healthequityintl.org/news/respondin… @StBonifaceHaiti is probably the best-resourced hospital in the affected region. I visited in 2012 and what was already an extraordinary facility and group of talented dedicated staff has only grown.
@PIH has collaborated with rural communities and the Ministry of Health in Haiti for over 30 years. They were an integral part of the response to the 2010 earthquake, subsequent cholera outbreak, and rebuilding efforts.
Excited to attend health equity symposium #AANAM@AANMember supported by Cheryl Jay Endowment. Dr. Jay made incredible contributions to our neurology training program in Haiti and I'll never forget how she took all the applicants out to lunch when I interviewed @neurores_ucsf
"Zipcode is a greater predictor of health outcome than genetic code" Dr. Joseph Betancourt @MGHMedicine , Health Equity Symposium @AANMember#AANAM
"Structural Racism isn't up for debate, this is our history"
Reminds me of one my favorite quotes from Paul Farmer @PIH "History didn't begin when you arrived..."