Mushtaq Bilal, PhD Profile picture
May 26, 2022 12 tweets 6 min read Read on X
A (Non-Boring) Twitter History of the Word, Namāz ( نماز#, #नमाज़)

The word “namāz” in #Urdu/#Hindi is used for the five daily prayers that every #Muslim is supposed to offer.

The word for the five daily prayers in #Arabic , however, is salat, صَلاة

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Of Persian import, namāz has a long and extremely complex history, which can be traced back to the pre-Islamic past.

The origin of namāz can be traced back to an ancient proto-Indo-European root, nam (to bow, to bend).

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The verb nam (to bow) and the noun namah-/namas- (prostration, reverence) can be found in both #Sanskrit and Avestan, the Zoroastrian #Scripture .

avesta.org

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The greeting “namaste” in contemporary Hindi is derived from the Sanskrit expression, namas-te (literally, reverence to you).

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The word namah started changing to namāz in Pahlavi (or Middle Persian), the language of the Sasanian empire (224–651).

By the third century CE, the word had changed first to namach and then to namāz and had come to mean “prayer.”

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Mani (216-274 CE), the founder of the Manichean religion, used the word, namāz, in this sense in his scripture, Šābuhragān.

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iranicaonline.org/articles/sabuh…
After the Arab conquest of Iran in the 7th century CE, namāz came to be used as a Persian equivalent of the Arabic salat.

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By the eleventh and twelfth centuries Persian poets like Farrukhi Sistani (1000-1040) and Khaqani Shirvani (c. 1120 – c. 1199) were using expressions like panj namāz (five prayers) in their poems.

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Namāz and salat came to be used interchangeably in the Persian translations and exegesis of the Qur’an.

Check out Travis Zadeh's wonderful book, "The Vernacular Qur'an" if you're interested.

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global.oup.com/academic/produ…
By the time Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1612), the fifth king of the Qutub Shahi dynasty in India used namāz in his poems in a language that would later become Urdu, the usage of the word in the sense of five daily prayers was firmly established.

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In contemporary Persian, namāz is also used in a generic sense of worship in religions like Christianity and Judaism.

But in Urdu it specifically means the five daily prayers of (South Asian) Muslims.

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This thread was brought to you with the help of Daniel Sheffield who is a professor of medieval and early modern Persian-speaking world at Princeton.

Thanks for reading!

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More from @MushtaqBilalPhD

Dec 31, 2024
NotebookLM lets you create podcasts based on research papers.

Now you can also join these podcasts as a guest.

Here's how to do it:
1. Go to notebooklm[.]google[.]com and click on "Create new."

Upload a paper and NotebookLM will give you its summary.
2. In the column to your right, you will see "Audio Overview."

Click on "Customize" and add any instrcution on what the podcast should focus on.

Then click on "Generate."
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Ten ethical ways to use ChatGPT for academic purposes that do not involve any plagiarism:
1. Project Management and Scheduling:

Sample Prompt:

Project Title:
Project Type:
Expected Start Date:
Expected Finish Date:

Follow very carefully the steps given below:

1. Carefully consider the scope and type of the project (if it is a journal article, conference paper, dissertation, presentation).

2. Consider carefully the primary and secondary academic fields relevant to the project.

3. Act as if you are a leading expert in the primary and secondary fields relevant to the project. You can proficiently explain the project using adequate technical knowledge and language.

4. Act as if you are an award-winning teacher who can break down extremely complex ideas into easily understandable language.

5. Keeping in mind the scope, type, and the academic field of the project, break it down in tasks that can be scheduled weekly. Do this very carefully. This breakdown should optimize for speed without compromising on authenticity of the project.

6. Breakdown the weekly tasks into subtasks that can be completed within a normal workday of six to eight hours.

7. Every subtask should be accompanied by one to two pieces of clear and actionable advice to carry out the subtask. Remind me constantly to focus on progress and not perfection.

8. While giving the schedule of the project, you must consider the importance of both mental health and the ability to meet deadlines. Strive to have a work-life balance.
2. Brainstorming Ideas

Start by asking a couple of “warmup” questions. This way you will get better suggestions. You can ask questions like, “Do you know about X?” and “Do you know about Y?”

Then ask how we can be related X with Y. After that ask ChatGPT to help you brainstorm research questions on the relationship between X and Y.

While brainstorming ideas, always start with a basic idea and build on that gradually.
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Dec 11, 2024
ChatGPT still generates fake references to papers that don't even exist.

And Google just launched Gemini Deep Research.

It generates well-researched articles with references to published sources.

This will change the way we do literature reviews.

Here's how to use it:
1. Open your Google Gemini.

Click in the top-left corner and select "1.5 Pro with Deep Research."
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Gemini will understand your question and create a research plan for you.

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Dec 3, 2024
Dr. Ally Louks's PhD thesis is set to be one of the most influential theses of 21st century. Puts forward an original argument with remarkable clarity.

Already has 85M+ views on X/Twitter.

Most people criticizing her don't understand her argument at all.

I have a PhD in literary studies, and in this thread, we'll do a close reading of her abstract to understand her argument in simple English.A screenshot of Dr. Ally Louks's post saying that she had passed her PhD viva with no corrections.
A screenshot of the abstract of Dr. Ally Louks's PhD thesis.
Before we jump in, we need to keep in mind that a PhD thesis is written for a small group of 3-5 scholars.

These scholars serve as a candidate's supervisor and examiners. They are the only audience of a PhD thesis.

If you think you can't understand a PhD thesis, it's because you are not its intended audience.
Let's start with the title:

"Olfactory Ethics: The Politics of Smell in Modern and Contemporary Prose."

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Politics here is not used in the sense of running the political affairs of a country. Here, politics means things related to power.

If something reinforces oppressive power strucutres it's considered unethical (e.g. a story that celebrates poor people being discriminated against or getting killed).

If something challenges these power structures, that's considered ethical.

Put simply, the thesis deals with the relationship between smell and power.

In literary studies, we don't look at how things are in the world. That's not our concern. That's the job of anthropologists and sociologists.

Literary scholars look at how things are potrayed in literature. We deal with representations.

This thesis looks at how the relationship between power and smell has been portrayed in modern (1914-1945) and contemporary literature.
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Sci-Hub — a "pirate" website with 85M research papers freely available.

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1. Go to this link: github[.]com/syt2/zotero-scipdf

Scroll down and click on "latest release xpi file."

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Nov 28, 2024
☹️Google Scholar is a great tool. But it doesn't show you how papers are connected with each other.

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Sign up if you don't have one already.
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