India's Muslim rulers frustrated every effort of Mongols to invade India. While #Mongols were ravaging world, from China to Iran, Turkey, Central Asia, Baghdad, Russia n entire Europe, they miserably failed to conquer India. They were repeatedly beaten by Muslim rulers. #Thread
In 1297, Kadar from Mongol Chagatai Khanate invaded India ruled. They ravaged the Punjab region. Alauddin sent an army led by his brother Ulugh Khan to check their advance. They defeated invaders on 6 Feb 1298, killing around 20,000 of them, and forcing the Mongols to flee.
According to the contemporary chronicler Amir Khusrau's Dawal Rani, battle was fought on the banks of the Sutlej River. The name of the place appears as "Jadwa o Manjur" in various manuscripts of Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi,, a work by the near-contemporary chronicler Ziauddin Barani.
Firishta (16th century) states that the battle was fought near Lahore, which is located around 130 km from Jalandhar. `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni (16th century) names the site as Jaran Manjur. Nizamuddin Ahmad Harawi (17th century) states that the site was located in Sindh.
Ulugh Khan ordered soldiers to cross the Sutlej. Khusrau says 20,000 Mongols were killed in ensuing battle. He boasts that the Mongols "fled like ants and locusts, and were trampled like ants". The prisoners were brought to Delhi, where they were trampled to death by elephants
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Battle of #Plassey was the most important war in history of modern India. It was a decisive victory of British East India Company over Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757, under leadership of Robert Clive. It permanently changed political equation in India.
The victory was made possible by treachery of Mir Jafar, who was Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah's commander in chief. The battle helped the British East India Company take control of Bengal. Over the next 100 years, they seized control of most of Indian subcontinent, Burma, Afghanistan.
There is no iota of doubt that it was the battle of Plassey that exposed the subcontinent’s internal conflicts, destroying the native dynasties then in power and also the economy of imperial Bengal besides the Mughal Empire brick by brick.
Tipu Sultan was a great ruler
By Justice Markandey Katju
What is the truth about Tipu Sultan ? Was he secular or communal ? Before we consider this question we must know some facts.
Tipu Sultan used to give annual grants to 156 Hindu Temples, his Prime Minister was a Hindu called Punaiya his commander-in-chief, was a Hindu called Krishna Rao. Tipu Sultan sent 30 respectful letters with grants to the Shankaracharya of Shringeri.
In 1791, Parshuram Bhave, Maratha General marched on Tipu’s richest province, Bednur. Maratha horsemen plundered the Shringeri Temple of all of it’s valuables, killed and wounded many people and desecrated and committed sacrilege at the Holy shrine of Sri Sharada Devi.
Islamophobes are targeting Prophet #Muhammad for marrying Mother #Aisha. I am unconcerned with them, but to common people it must be cleared that marrying girls of young age was common till 19th century. Here is list of kings, princes in Europe who married young girls. #Thread
9th century
Judith of Flanders (12) was married to Æthelwulf, King of Wessex (61), in 856
12th century
Agnes of France was betrothed first married at 8. She was remarried at 12 Andronicus Comnenus (65) in 1183
Matilda of England (11), was married to Henry the Lion (39) in 1168
13th century
Beatrice of Castile (11), married Afonso III of Portugal (43) in 1253.
Violant of Aragon (12) married Alfonso X of Castile (27) in 1249
Beatrice (11) married to Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (37) in 1209
Marie of Ponthieu (9) married Simon of Dammartin (27/28) in 1208
Today is 5th death anniversary of #SyedShahabuddin, a visionary Indian Muslim politician, diplomat, scholar & journalist. Despite his useful contribution for community and country, it is surprising he is among the least remembered leaders. Community has forgotten him #Thread
Shahabuddin, born on 4 Nov. 1935 in Gaya, Bihar began as a diplomat working for Indian Foreign Service, but became well known as one of most articulate Muslim politicians of independent India. He switched careers after Emergency, at the time when the Congress began its decline
... and Hindu nationalism first started its ascent to power. He served 3 terms as member of Parliament of India. He was known for his leadership of the Muslim opposition to the Shah Bano case and the Demolition of Babri Masjid. He died in March 2017 of long-term asthma.
Today, March 3, is the death anniversary of #Aurangzeb Alamgir, one of the greatest #Mughal emperors. Aurangzeb, the last powerful Mughal ruler is among the most misunderstood king in Indian history. He ruled for nearly 50 years, from 1658 until 1707 #Thread
...the last great imperial power in India before British colonialism. The Mughal empire survived another 150 years after his death, however, it saw slow and steady disintegration and after 1804 they were actually emperors in name, as British and their proxies ruled much of India.
He is loved and loathed with equal intensity by different groups of people. While many Muslims believe him to be the most pious king in the history of the Muslim India, many historians have presented his as a savage who was intent upon killing and destroying Hindus.
Ehsan Jafri (1929 –28 Feb 2002) was a renowned poet, labor leader and politician who was killed in infamous Gulbarg Society massacre in Gujarat 2002 riots. I did a small book on him, his life and work in 2003 that involved extensive travelling. I also stayed with his son, Tanvir.
Ehsan Jafri was born in Burhanpur. In 1935 his father Dr. Allahbaksh Jafri moved to Ahmedabad. He was elected General Secretary of the Progressive Editor's Union. Around this time, he also completed his law degree and started practising as an attorney in Ahmedabad.
He joined the Congress Party of Indira Gandhi, and was heading the city unit by 1972. In 1977, after the emergency when the party was routed in most Indian states, Ehsan managed to win the Ahmedabad seat and became a parliamentarian in the 6th Lok Sabha.