The battleship Mustu at anchor. Her extensive bulges, the result of her 1930s modernization, are prominent.
A lot of people are surprised by just how large the Nagato class grew to be over their careers.
At the start of their careers, the Nagato class were 215m (708') long with a beam of 29m (95'3"). At a draught of 9m (29'), this gave them a displacement of 32,200 tons (38,498 tons at full load).
In 1927, Mutsu had a modified bow fitted that increased their length by 1.6 meters (about 5' 3") to make the forward deck more dry. Nagato received a similar modification in 1930.
Their size was further enlarged during their comprehensive 1930s modernizations.
The Nagato class had their Hulls extended at the stern, increasing their length by another 7.55m (24' 8").
Beam was also increased through the fitting of large anti-torpedo bulges. This increased the beam by 2.4m (about 8').
The fitting of new weapons and equipment caused the draft to increase as well. At their heaviest, the Nagato class had a new draft of 9.49m (31' 2").
This led to an impressive increase in draft (almost 7,000 tons).
The Nagato class battleships were now 225m long (738') with a beam of 34.6m (113' 6").
Their new displacement was 39,050 tons standard, swelling to 46,000 tons at full load.
This actually placed them within the upper echelon of dreadnoughts in terms of size. At their heaviest, they rivaled designs such as the more modern North Carolina (46,700 tons) and King George V (45,400 tons) classes.
The Yamato class might get all the glory, but the Japanese Navy had some other hefty girls in service too!
Alright! Everyone has been taking wild guesses about what I consider a simple, yet brilliant design feature on the Yamato class. However, everyone was thinking big!
So what could this mystery thing be? Well, before we get to it, we need to first talk guns and loading them!
1
As battleships evolved, they increasingly made use of larger, more powerful guns.
In turn, these guns required larger turrets to house them. However, other things also increased in size along with the guns, namely the propellants and loading mechanisms.
2
As naval guns got larger and the shells they fired got larger, the propellants needed to propel them down the barrel got proportionately larger as well.
Larger guns typically needed multiple bags of propellant. Even divided up, these individual bags could be quite heavy.
The Yamato class are best remembered for their massive guns and thick armor. Speed is the last thing on anyone's mind when discussing these dreadnoughts.
However, Japanese designers put considerable thought into the speed of the class.
The most famous feature was the bulbous bow.
Contrary to popular belief, the bulbous bow was not a Japanese invention. However, they did introduce what was the most radical design yet, one that offered superior performance to her contemporaries.
The effect on performance was significant. At top speed, the bulbous bow reduced the amount of power needed by about 8% or 12,000 shp. Meaning that without the Bow, the Yamato class would need roughly 162,000shp to reach her maximum speed.
Alright, the United States and its flight deck fantasies Part 1: The Flight Deck Cruisers
The Washington Naval Treaty, as well as the later London Naval treaties, were an incredible achievement for halting (temporarily) a growing naval arms race.
The German and Japanese navies are best known for their attempts to circumnavigate treaty restrictions. However, this does not mean other countries were playing by the rules.
The United States Navy was also looking for ways to circumnavigate treaty restrictions.
One of the more notable attempts to do this was through hybrid cruiser-carriers. Cruiser-sized warships with a large flight deck and a cruiser-level armament.
Such warships were desired for a variety of reasons.
In an early post, we briefly touched upon high velocity, shallow arc and lower velocity, higher arc guns.
While discussions on muzzle velocity are typically examined from a range, accuracy, or penetration angle, one other factor existed that played an equal if not larger role.
This factor is barrel wear. Something that influenced naval design for several navies.
The forces required to force a heavy naval shell through a barrel are tremendous. The intense heat and pressure places a great deal of strain on the barrel
Each shell that is forced down the barrel strips a tiny bit of the barrel along with it. This damage is typically towards the breech of the gun, concentrated towards the start of the rifling. However, successive shots allow the damage to extend further down the barrel..
One of the greatest ships you never heard of. Shinshū Maru was a amphibious assault ship developed by the Japanese before WW2.
To call her innovative would be an understatement as the ship was a collection of advanced features.
The most advanced of which was a large, floodable well deck. This allowed her to rapidly deploy her landing craft during amphibious operations. On the subject of landing craft, she could carry about fifty in addition to four gunboats.
Her massive superstructure was originally intended to function as a hangar, allowing her to handle her own floatplanes to better coordinate landing operations. However she lost her catapults prior to completion and never carried her aircraft.
The forward 6"/47 Mark 16DP guns aboard the cruiser Worcester.
The Mark 16DP saw the earlier Mark 16 (Cleveland & Brooklyn classes) guns be mated to a new turret and greatly enhanced shell handling equipment.
This allowed the Mark 16DP to retain its powerful anti-ship performance, while granting it autoloading capability and any angle loading. The mounts also featured powerful motors, granting fast traverse and elevation rates.
This made the Mark 16DP one of the first truly successful 6" dual-purpose guns to see service.
However, the weapon was not without drawback.
It was extremely heavy. It was also let down by a complicated dual feed loading system that hampered rate of fire and was unreliable.