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GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
@GemsOfINDOLOGY
Aug 14, 2022 • 20 tweets • 18 min read • Read on X
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1/ #Thread

#Sanskrit was not limited to India it was far spread upto Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam 2000 years ago let's see the reach in this #Thread
*Map not political
Src #wikiwand
#Archaeology Image
2/ The earliest surviving Sanskrit inscription is from Vo Canh inscription discovered near Nha Trang, Vietnam dates 3rd century ce
The inscription ordains grand daughter of King indicating a Matrilineal society.
#Archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/V%C3%B5_C%E…
m.phnompenhpost.com/post-plus/epig… ImageImage
3/ Yūpa Mulawarman (H!ndu king) inscription in Indonesia written by Brahm!ns in Pallava Script, Borneo, Kutai, Indonesia
Dates 4 century ce

This attests to the emergence of an Indianized state in the Indonesian archipelago.

wikiwand.com/en/Y%C5%ABpa#/… Image
4/ Kebon Kopi or 'Tapak Gajah inscription', Indonesia dating 5th century ce describes elephant ride of King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara, which is equated with Airavata, the elephant vahana (vehicle) of Indra.
#Archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/Kebon_Kopi_… ImageImage
5/ Tugu inscription in Pallava script in Sanskrit dates 5th century ce found in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, Indonesia

It describes hydraulic, irrigation and water drainage project of Chandrabhaga river by Rajadirajaguru

#Archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/Tugu_inscri… Image
6/ Cidanghiang inscription, also called Lebak inscription, from Tarumanagara kingdom, estimated to be from the 4th century CE, Banten, Indonesia
It is abt a king Purnawarman, with title vikrānta, who was worshiper of Lord Vishnu.
#Archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/Cidanghiang… ImageImage
7/ Prasasti Ciaruteun Inscription is 5th-century stone inscription discovered on the riverbed of Ciaruteun River, aWest Java, Indonesia.
The inscription states King Purnawarman is the ruler of Tarumanagara (An early H!ndu Kingdom)
#Archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/Ciaruteun_i…
#Archaeology Image
8/
 Sanskrit inscription in Early Pallava script on a stone lying on the Pasir kole-angkak hill, Jambu, to the west of Bogor, Indonesia
C.5th century ce

#Archaeology
…italcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/84279 Image
9/
 "Suvarnbhumi" "सुवर्णभूमि" found inscribed in 'Sanskrit' on a 7th century slab in Cambodia
#Archaeology Image
10/
 Indonesian non-royal Sanskrit inscription dating 7th century describing how Sankara fulfilled his promise to his father to house a Linga 'representation of Shiva'
#archaeology
brill.com/view/journals/… ImageImage
11/
 Ligor inscription is an 8th-century stone stele or inscription discovered in Ligor, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula.
written by Mahārāja dyāḥ Pañcapaṇa kariyāna Paṇaṃkaran, king of Shailendra dynasty
#archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/Ligor_inscr… Image
12/
 Sanskrit inscription found in Trowulan, Melang dating c.966 ce
#Archaeology
journals.openedition.org/archipel/1976 ImageImage
13/ Singapore Stone inscription written in Sanskrit 10th-13th century originally stood at the mouth of Singapore river to be blown by Britishers in 1843 to widen the river pathway

#archaeology
wikiwand.com/en/Singapore_S… Image
14/
 Few sanskrit writings found on pillars of Angkor Wat, Ta Nei, Kravan and Koh Ker temples Cambodia

#Archaeology
angkorphotographytours.com/blog/sanskrit-… Image
15/
More inscriptions at below link i skipped
wikiwand.com/en/Sanskrit_in…
15/
 Laguna copperplate inscription is an official acquittance inscribed onto a copper plate in the Shaka year 822 (Gregorian A.D. 900).
It is the earliest known calendar-dated document found within the #Philippines
#Archaeology #philippinehistory
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Co… ImageImageImage
16/
Sawlumin inscription is one of the oldest surviving stone inscriptions in Myanmar. The slabs were mainly inscribed in Burmese, Pyu, Mon and Pali, and a few lines in #Sanskrit. the stele was founded in 1079 by King Saw Lu of Bagan.

#archaeology
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawlumin_… Image
17/
 5.1 Engraved copper sheet of Harsavarman with Sanskrit inscription K.964 found in the ancient moat of U Thong, #Thailand;
5.2. Stone inscription in Sanskrit K.1155 found at Ban Phan Dung, #Thailand
c.7-8th century

#Archaeology
researchgate.net/figure/51-Engr… Image
18/
 #Sanskrit Inscription found in Brunei, a tiny nation on the island of Borneo, in 2 distinct sections surrounded by Malaysia and the South China Sea Brunei

#Archaeology
jstor.org/stable/41492843 ImageImage
19/
 300 CE stone inscription in Sanskrit read
"This is a few feet like the feet of Vishnu. They are the glorious footprints of Purnawarman, the great king of the land of Taruma, the valiant king of the world.”
Bogor, Java, Indonesia
#archaeology
kris-keris.eu/page/mystiek Image

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More from @GemsOfINDOLOGY

GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
Nov 30
1/9
 Welcome to Jalore Fort, Rajasthan: the “Golden Fort” that literally glows at sunset yet remains invisible to 99.9 % of Indian tourists. Built to laugh at invaders, now dying of Instagram indifference. Classic. 🏜️✨
#SonarKila #GemsofASI
State protected monument number S-RJ-223,224Ancient hill fort ruins and white temple complex nestled in green valleys and rocky hills under a misty sky.
@UNESCO @narendramodi @PMOIndia @gssjodhpur @ASIGoI @MinOfCultureGoI 2/9
10th-century Paramaras: “Let’s park a fortress on a lone volcanic plug no army can climb.”
Result: Never fully conquered. Alauddin tried in 1311, lost 40,000 men, still had to bribe the gatekeeper. Peak medieval flex. Image
3/9
 Songara Chauhans take over, rename it Swarnagiri (“Hill of Gold”). Because when your walls shine like Fort Knox, subtlety is overrated. Meanwhile Delhi historians call it “a local disturbance”. Sure Jan.
Read 9 tweets
GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
Nov 29
1️⃣ 🧵 While everyone obsesses over Hampi, let me tell you about Rayadurgam Fort.

16th century. 2,727 feet elevation. Anantapur district.

A fortress that survived Vijayanagara's collapse, Muslim invasions, Nayaka power plays, and Tipu Sultan's expansion now may not survive few more decades thanks to bureaucracy 😑

Yet most Indians have never heard of it. Here's why that's a problem. 🏰

#GemsofASI MNI#20 #Archaeology @AndraPradeshCM @asicircleImage
2️⃣ Built by Junga Nayaka under Vijayanagara rule, but the site's earlier story is messier.

Local Balija chiefs—the Rayadurgam Palegars—held this hill. Called "turbulent" by imperial records. The emperor sent officers to drive them out.

Once conquered? Renamed to "Bhupatirayakonda" (King's Hill).

Erasing rivals through nomenclature. Colonial Tale as old as time. #VijayanagaEmpire #IndianHistory #ForgottenFortsImage
3️⃣ The architecture isn't just impressive—it's brutal military logic in stone:

Multiple concentric walls. Nearly impregnable granite. 830m elevation advantage.

Four caves beneath the slope with stone doors carved with Siddha symbols.

Part of a network with Penugonda, Gutti, Madakasira.

This was Rayalaseema's defensive spine. 🗿
#AndhraHistory #VijayanagaraImage
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Read 11 tweets
GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
Nov 26
1️⃣ These brick ruins are what remains of Karnasubarna—ancient capital of King Sasanka's Gauda Kingdom (circa 600-625 CE). Once a thriving Buddhist center with the grand Rakta Mrittika Mahavihar, as documented by Hiuen Tsang himself. 🏛️

Now? Barely anyone knows it existed.

ASI protected monument number 3692. Can you see the protection? #GemsofASILow brick ruins and stepped foundations spread across a grassy plain under an overcast sky, suggesting an ancient site in a rural landscape.
2️⃣ Hiuen Tsang described Rakta Mrittika Mahavihar as having 'red brick walls' with over 1,000 monks studying here in the 7th century. A major Buddhist learning center in Eastern India, predating Nalanda's peak fame.

Yet most history books skip straight to Nalanda.

No signboards explaining the mahavihar's significance. No interpretive panels. Nothing.Excavated red-brick monastery foundations with stepped terraces set in a grassy plain, palm trees and village buildings on the horizon.
3️⃣ King Sasanka ruled from Karnasubarna, controlling vast territories across Bengal and parts of Odisha. His kingdom was a political and religious hub—Hindu-Buddhist confluence, trade networks, administrative sophistication.

Colonial historians painted him as 'obscure.' Our own institutions continue that tradition by ignoring his capital.Brick foundations and circular stone bases of ancient palace ruins set on grassy grounds with a blue informational sign and distant trees.
Read 14 tweets
GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
Nov 26
THREAD: How Bengaluru Buried 3,000 Years Under Asphalt 🧵

1/ Take a moment. Picture Chikkajala—a megalithic burial site predating empires we revere. Unearthed by Captain Branfil in colonial times, packed with Iron Age cists (500-1000 BCE) and striking black-and-red pottery. Priceless for science. Until we paved it over. What a legacy, eh? 🏗️🪦🏛️

#GemsofASI #ArchaeologyImage
2/ This wasn't just dirt. A 3,000-year-old cemetery fused with a fortified temple, etched stepwell boasting fish, turtles, scorpions. Hoysala pillars, Vijayanagara scripts, a bicentennial Hanuman shrine, and a peepal tree clinging to granite like ancient defiance. But highways wait for no history. 🛣️🕳️🗿Image
3/ ASI listed Chikkajala among 208 protected gems in Bangalore Circle. Ironclad safety? Hardly. When NHAI bulldozed the entrance in 2011 for airport road expansion, ASI shrugged: Not our circus. Bureaucratic brilliance. 🙄📜🚧 Image
Read 17 tweets
GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
Nov 2
Did you know Delhi’s winter pollution isn’t caused by Diwali fireworks, but by agricultural laws that changed how farmers grow rice? 🌾

Few know that the Punjab and Haryana Preservation of Subsoil Water Acts (2009) are major reasons behind the smog choking Delhi every winter. ☁️

Curious how? Dive into this short #Thread. 🔍Image
1️⃣ The Green Revolution in Punjab & Haryana: A Double-Edged Sword

In the 1970s and 80s, India shifted from traditional crops like maize and millet to wheat-paddy systems to reduce food imports. High-yield seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation drove this change, boosting agriculture and making Punjab a key food supplier. However, rice cultivation strained water resources, dropping groundwater levels from 10 to over 200 feet. Increased pesticide use led to health issues, including more cancer cases and birth defects. ⚠️🌾🚜🚰🚱Image
2️⃣ Farmers began planting SATHI, a type of paddy, allowing for two harvests during a single kharif season (April to October). When sown in April, producing one kilogram of rice required 4,500 liters of water, but if planted in mid-June, it only needed 1,500 liters. Image
Read 10 tweets
GemsOfINDOLOGY Profile picture
Oct 25
When Sargon of Akkad bragged about "ships from Meluhha docking at Agade" (2334 BCE), he wasn't making it up.

The Sumerians called India by a name meaning "THE ELEVATED PLACE."

Why? Because mountains were how they FOUND us.

A thread on ancient branding. 🧵🗻
2/ Let's talk about how the Sumerians knew India as 'MELUHHA' 🧵

When Sargon of Akkad boasted (2334 BCE) about ships from Meluhha docking at Agade, he wasn't just name-dropping. The term possibly derives from Dravidian 'mel-akam' = 'elevated place.'

Why? Mountains.

Mount Meru/Sumeru wasn't just mythology—it was NAVIGATION. Ancient maritime traders crossing the Persian Gulf needed distinctive landmarks. The Harappan civilization's mountain ranges (Himalayas, Aravallis) served as crucial geographic identifiers.

Evidence? EVERYWHERE:

Harappan seals found in Ur, Babylon, Kish (2600-1900 BCE)

Gudea's records: 'translucent carnelian FROM MELUHHA'

Shortugai colony near Afghanistan lapis mines

Meluhhan interpreters living in Mesopotamian cities

The cosmic mountain of Vedic texts wasn't abstract philosophy—it was rooted in the REAL geography that made India recognizable across 2000km of ancient trade routes.

Mountains weren't just landmarks. They were BRANDS. 🗻Sumerian cuneiform tablet showing the term "Meluhha" referring to ancient India
3/ Let's start with the hard evidence. Because unlike colonial "Aryan invasion" fantasies, the Harappan-Sumerian connection is DOCUMENTED.

Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE) literally carved into stone: "Ships from Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha dock at Agade's quays."

Not mythology. Not speculation. ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS.

Gudea of Lagash (2144-2124 BCE) was more specific: He imported "translucent carnelian" specifically FROM MELUHHA.

The Royal Cemetery at Ur? FILLED with Harappan carnelian beads using acid-etching techniques that ONLY the Harappans mastered (2600-2450 BCE).

Here's what colonial historians don't want you to know: The Harappan civilization covered 1.2 MILLION sq km. Mesopotamia? 65,000 sq km.

India wasn't the "backward" partner. We were the SUPERPOWER they desperately needed to trade with.

The evidence isn't subtle. It's OVERWHELMING.Image
Read 8 tweets

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