In late 2020, the #JCVI of #England made two important recommendations for the initial roll-out of the #COVID19 vaccine.

1-Vaccines should be targeted to the elderly and vulnerable to maximally preventing disease rather than infection 1/
2-To increase the interval between first and second doses of ChAdOx vaccine for 3 to 12-weeks in order to have a higher efficacy with this longer dose interval. 2/
A new modelling study from England shows that targeting the most vulnerable had the biggest immediate impact (compared to targeting younger individuals who may be more responsible for transmission). 3/
The 12-week delay was also highly beneficial, estimated to have averted between 32-72,000 hospital admissions and 4-9,000 deaths over the first 10 months of the campaign (Dec’ 2020 - Sep 2021)

medrxiv.org/content/10.110…

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More from @vipintukur

Aug 25
#SARS2 can readily alter its Spike protein via a single Amino acid substitution so that it is not recognized by CD8 T cells targeting the most prevalent epitope in Spike restricted by the most common HLA-I across the population. 1/
The Spike #P272L mutation that has arisen in at least 112 different #SARS2 lineages to date, including in lineages classified as “VOC”, was not recognized by the large CD8 T cell 2/ Image
The CD8 T cells response seen across cohorts of HLA A∗02+ convalescent patients & individuals vaccinated against SARS2, despite these responses comprising of over 175 different individual T cell receptors. 3/
Read 8 tweets
Aug 25
This is interesting!

The human face is one of the most visible features of our unique identity as individuals. Interestingly, monozygotic twins share almost identical facial traits & the same DNA sequence but could exhibit differences in other biometrical parameters. 1/
The expansion of the internet & the possibility to exchange pictures of humans across the planet has increased the number of people identified online as virtual twins or doubles that are not family related. 2/
In this study, the researchers characterized in detail a set of “look-alike” humans, defined by facial recognition algorithms, for their multiomics landscape. 3/
Read 6 tweets
Aug 22
Little is known about the protection following prior infection with different #SARS2 variants, #COVID19 vaccination, and a combination of the two (hybrid immunity) in #adolescents. 1/
A new study from #England estimated protection following previous infection and vaccination against symptomatic PCR-confirmed delta & omicron (BA.1 or BA.2) variants in 11-17-year-olds using a test-negative case-control design. 2/
In unvaccinated adolescents, prior infection with WT, Alpha or Delta provided greater protection against subsequent Delta infection than subsequent Omicron; prior omicron infection provided the highest protection against omicron reinfection 3/ Image
Read 7 tweets
Aug 1
A defining feature of successful vaccination is the ability to induce long-lived antigen-specific memory cells. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells specialize in providing help to B cells in mounting protective humoral immunity in infection and after vaccination. 1/
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are the subset of CD4 T helper cells that are required for generation and maintenance of germinal center reactions and the generation of long-lived humoral immunity. 2/
Memory Tfh cells that retain the CXCR5 expression can confer protection through enhancing humoral response upon antigen re-exposure but how they are maintained is poorly understood. 3/
Read 8 tweets
Jul 31
Mozambique: 3 additional wild polio cases reported

Mozambique has implemented three immunization rounds using bOPV since the detection of the first case from March. 1/

outbreaknewstoday.com/mozambique-3-a…
If there is an outbreak of wild or vaccine derived polio anywhere, you need OPV to control it. IPV despite offering robust systemic immunity may fail to work in these situations owing to its inferior mucosal immunity. 2/

nature.com/articles/s4138…
Studies including large meta-analysis have shown that it is mucosal secretary IgA that are far more important than systemic immunity in prevention of infection 3/

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31350192/
Read 6 tweets
Jul 27
Could frequent boosting be counterproductive? Due to ‘immune imprinting’, if you have been exposed to the original strain, then no matter how many times you inject yourself w/ these COVID vaccines, you will not mount efficient NAbs or T cell responses against newer ‘variants’
OAS operates through Germinal Centre reactions, where high-affinity memory B-cells are produced. These cells are 'supercharged' & inhibit recruitment of naïve B-cells against a new offending agent. The effect is a weak antibody response. 2/ ImageImageImage
In fact, the vaccines based on ancestral strain may compromise your immune system's ability to react to new variants. So, quite possibly, the unvaccinated may have a better immune response to your scary new variant than the vaccinated and boosted. 3/
Read 22 tweets

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