1/ Here is a thread collecting a few charts providing a perspective on global #ENERGY and its different aspects - production, consumption, #carbon impact and future direction.
2/ For an appreciation of global energy consumption, this chart - how primary #energy consumption has grown and changed over the last 120 years.
From 29K TWH in 1950, the total energy consumption is currently ~176k TWH – grown ~six times.
3/ Primary Energy goes towards many uses – Electricity generation, heating, industrial usage and transportation.
Although over one-third of global electricity comes from low-carbon sources, primary energy is still derived largely from non-renewable sources
4/ To complete the picture of primary energy, here is an example (a country snapshot: United States) on how that energy flows. The key usage of primary energy being electricity generation, heating, industrial and transportation.
+ a context chart on rejected energy
4/ As to relative distribution - “Largest energy consumers include Iceland, Norway, Canada, the US, and wealthy nations in the Middle East. The average person in these countries consumes as much as 100 times more than the average person in some of the poorest countries.”
5/ What is the carbon impact of all this energy consumption?
“In 1950 the world emitted 6 billion tonnes of CO2. By 1990 this had almost quadrupled, reaching more than 22 billion tonnes. Emissions have continued to grow rapidly; we now emit over 34 billion tonnes each year”
6/ “In 1900, >90% of emissions were produced in Europe or the US; even by 1950, they accounted for > 85% of emissions each year. But in the 2nd half of the 20th century, rest of the world, particularly across Asia, and most notably, China."
7/And yet, a large part of world still lacks access to electricity or clean cooking fuels.
In any energy and climate discussion, energy access, security, sustainability and affordability become key points to consider.
8/ Revisiting Sustainable Development Goal 7 (affordable, modern energy for all) - only 60% of the world has access to clean cooking fuels. The ‘clean fuels’ include biogas, ethanol, LPG, natural gas and electricity.
~3 billion people globally do not have access to clean fuels
9/ All this, to appreciate the nuances to any energy and climate discussion. On one end, there is climate & sustainability, and on the other, access and affordability.
Any developments need to address both ends.
10/ "The future of global energy is dominated by four trends: declining role for hydrocarbons, rapid expansion in renewables, increasing electrification, and growing use of low-carbon hydrogen."
11/ With this background, a look here at IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) 2050 transition plan. (1.5 degrees)
The aim is to achieve the 2050 target by accelerating the deployment of renewables and taking vigorous action to raise energy efficiency.
Six key KPIs
12/ A look at the indicators within these KPIs. (More details are available at irena.org/Digital-Report…)
12/ For a better context on these KPIs, here is a look at the current energy and electricity generation landscape.
13/ Further to it, here is the recent capacity additions, and evolution of renewable cost structure.
14/ And finally, here is a look at where things need to be to meet the IRENA 2030 and 2050 scenarios
15/ Key sources for this thread – @OurWorldInData and #IRENA World Energy Transitions Outlook 2022
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1/ A thread looking at some of the largest government deficits and debts around the world.
2/ “persistence of budgetary shortfalls during a long period of peace, when governments traditionally pay off debts and save for the future, should set the alarm bells ringing”
This is being said in 1996, it is much more relevant now.
3/ Why is it a concern?
Generally, as long as growth can keep pace, the deficits are hoped to be recouped soon, but a consistent use of deficits means an incessant borrowing from the future.
Also, continued, persistent deficits translate to higher government debt.
1/ #Nvidia is world’s eighth largest companies in terms of Market Cap (~$582 bn).
It is not as large in terms of revenue ($27 bn, FY23 Jan YE), but perhaps its business and its opportunities make the market value this high. Perhaps. Difficult to fathom.
A thread.
2/ Set up in 1993, Nvidia makes chips, software and systems. Or platforms.
It was set up in 1993.
In 1999, it invented the #GPU which forms its core business even today.
From early focus on PC Graphics, they have expanded to several computationally intensive fields.
3/ What is a GPU?
GPU is Graphics Processing Unit. Initially launched for graphics, it has now evolved into an important computational tech.
In 2006, Nvidia introduced CUDA programming model which opened parallel processing capabilities of GPU for general purpose computing.
1/ #BerkshireHathaway is one of the world’s largest companies in terms of market cap ($686 billion, sixth largest). It is also one of the top few (top 15) globally in terms of total revenue.
Here is a thread briefly exploring the company.
2/ For context, here is a historical market cap chart.
3/ Whenever the company is mentioned, one often finds charts like the following (a comparison with S&P 500) to highlight the value that #BerkshireHathaway has created for its investors over time.
1/ With a market cap of $1.18 trillion, #Alphabet (#Google) is world’s fourth most valuable public company.
It delivered a revenue of ~$283 billion in FY22 (Dec YE) and is a top 20 company globally in terms of revenue. (~number 17th)
Here is a thread exploring #Alphabet.
2/ Incorporated in 1998, the company went public in 2004.
3/ Here is a market cap history chart. Alphabet’s market cap is ~$1.18 trillion (fourth largest in the world).
For context, largest is #Apple ($2.3 trillion), followed by #Microsoft ($1.8 trillion), #SaudiAramco ($1.8 trillion)
1/ In context of #globaldemographics, 4 #megatrends are often referred to: population growth, population ageing, international migration and urbanization.
Here is a thread diving into these.
(Most charts are from ‘Our World in Data’. Some from UN.)
2/ To begin, for historical context, this chart
The 20th century began with 1.65 billion people in the world. It closed with 6 billion people.
This growth saw its ripple effects across the world – from economic growth to environmental impact of the century.
3/ Another chart for historical context – where have most of the people been living through history?