Answer: confirmed germinoma, all these masses are on the differential for a pineal region mass …perhaps the most helpful clue is the age and gender rather than the imaging 🧠
Germinoma cannot always be differentiated from pineoblastoma though the older age and male gender favor germinoma in this case as pineoblastoma typically occurs in younger children with a sight female predominance
Calcifications are also displaced and engulfed in this case rather than exploded or “blasted” and this tumor is very homogenous while pineoblastoma tends to be a bit more heterogenous
Meningioma arising from the tentorial cerebelli or falx can also look very similar though most commonly occur in older females around 5th-7th decades of life. Meningiomas tend to depress cerebral veins rather than uplift as pineal based masses do and may have a dural tail
There was no sellar lesion in this case, the mass effect caused the deformity of the pituitary stalk mimicking another lesion which resolved following resection
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Some correlates for high grade astrocytoma include necrosis, marked mass effect, restricted diffusion (often patchy, eccentric or nodular in glioblastoma), elevated CBV, enhancement, and older age
The presence of ependymal spread is another poor prognostic sign (shown below)
Important learning point: when dealing with glioblastoma, the neoplasm extent is not defined by the area of enhancement but rather by the entire area of T2/FLAIR abnormality. Microscopic infiltrating tumor clearly extends beyond the areas of enhancement. 🧠
Is it sellar based? suprasellar (S)? clival? Planum sphenoidale (PS)? Tuberculum sellae (arrow)?
▶️Location can change operative approach including but not limited to subfrontal vs transsphenoidal
2️⃣Where is the normal pituitary gland?
▶️this can be tough when the mass is large but the normal tissue often enhances more avidly than tumor so look for a strip of relatively avid enhancement along the periphery of the mass. Surgeons do not want to remove normal pit tissue
Initial MRI shows an expansile enhancing mass in the right parasagittal frontal lobe
The patient underwent craniotomy for tumor debulking. Post operative MRI and CT demonstrate hemorrhage in the right cerebellar hemisphere, far from the operative site. What’s the cause of the hemorrhage? 🤔 🧠
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis (MTS) in this patient with temporal lobe seizures
Etiology: controversial ->
▶️possibly acquired from prolonged febrile seizures in infancy, perinatal ischemia, encephalitis, hypoxia from status epilepticus, etc.
▶️possibly developmental #neurotwitter
Etiology: probably best thought of as a common outcome of multiple acquired and developmental processes
▶️The hippocampus is incredibly sensitive to anoxia (in particular Ammon’s horn)
▶️Ammon’s horn has 4 zones of granular cells
▶️zone CA1 is the most sensitive area of the brain to anoxia and as such, is the main location for the disease
Imaging findings:
T1-> diminished size and loss of GW diff
Quantitative hippocampal volumes can improve sensitivity especially in the cases of bilateral disease #radres