Nick Norwitz MD PhD Profile picture
Jun 14, 2023 10 tweets 6 min read Read on X
1/10) 🚨NEW! #Keto for Anorexia🚨

We report on 3 patients who achieved remission from treatment-resistant anorexia using animal-based keto diet 🥩🍳

👉BMIs 10 - 13 kg/m2

👉Each gained ≥20kg

👉+Dramatic improvements in mental health

insulinresistance.org/index.php/jir/…

Read & Share🧵🙏 twitter.com/i/web/status/1… Image
2/10) Background 👇

Anorexia is a devastating condition that increases risk of death >5X and is associated w/ high rates of relapse

There is desperate need for more effective treatment options
3/10) Common knowledge posits patients w/ anorexia should be discouraged from practicing food group restriction

But anorexia can be framed metabo-psychiatric condition that may benefit from treatment w/ metabolic health interventions w/ neuromodulatory properties, i.e. #ketodiet Image
4/10) In this case series, we report on 3 patients who -- after having little success with conventional approaches -- went into remission with an animal-based #ketogenic / #carnivore diet Image
5/10) Patient 1 (female):
👉BMI low 10.7 kg/m2
👉 complicated by starvation hepatitis, osteoporosis, anorexia-induced blindness, and cardiac arrest
👉 Quote: "My high-fat #carnivore diet saved me, and I feel I can now do anything. I'm never going back to the way I was" Image
6/10) Patient 2 (male):
👉BMI 13
👉 complicated by anxiety, low T, neuropathy, osteopenia
👉 Quote: "But when I started a carnivorous diet, my life changed! My anxiety diminished... I steadily gained weight... I'll never go back."
👉Total testosterone levels ⬆ 6X & free T ⬆ 10X
7/10) Patient 3 (female):
👉BMI low 11.8 kg/m2
👉 Complicated by OCD, depression, self-harm
👉 Quote: "I feel 100% in remission and confident it will stick.”
👉Suffered for 3 decades with treatment-resistant anorexia, before starting #ketogenicdiet; now in remission for > 5 years
8/10) This case series suggest #ketodiet may have clinical utility for some patients with treatment-resistant anorexia, consistent w/ the perspective of eating disorders as “metabo-psychiatric” conditions that can benefit from neuromodulatory interventions, including ketosis
9/10) We hope these cases inspire further research and attract funding for much-needed clinical trials for ketogenic diets for a variety of mental health conditions, including eating disorders. Image
10/10) YOU can help support this line of research by RETWEETING this thread and sharing the link to the paper on your social media share this thread LINK: insulinresistance.org/index.php/jir/…

Special thanks to @Metabolic_Mind, @bschermd, @janellison and the Bazucki Group for their support

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More from @nicknorwitz

Jul 1
Can One Peptide Reduce Visceral Fat and Promote Longevity? 🧵

1/5) Tesamorelin is a peptide shown in randomized controlled human trials to reduce visceral fat by ~20%.

But that may be one of its least interesting effects.

Stick around to the end for the big reveal… Image
2/5) Tesamorelin is a growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog.

Rather than supplying growth hormone directly, it nudges your pituitary to release more of your own.

That can:

• Support lean muscle
• Reduce visceral fat
• Improve body composition

But there's more. Image
3/5) Growth hormone has a fascinating two-way relationship with deep sleep.

😴 Deep sleep increases growth hormone release.
🧠 Growth hormone also appears to promote deeper, more restorative sleep.

That may help explain why some people using tesamorelin report better sleep efficiency.Image
Read 5 tweets
Jun 28
How to Hack a 7-Day Fast in 24 Hours

1/5) What happens when you fast for 7 days?

Not what I expected.

In a remarkable study published in Nature Metabolism, researchers put 12 healthy volunteers through a 7-day water-only fast and used advanced proteomics to track 2,923 circulating proteins simultaneously.

What they found was surprising—and suggests some people may stop fasting just before many of the benefits begin.Image
2/5) During the first two days, the body performed a fuel switch.

Proteins involved in fat transport and ketone production surged as participants transitioned away from glucose dependence. Basic. That’s fasting 101.

But the most interesting changes hadn't started yet… The real shift didn't begin until Day 3.Image
3/5) Day 3 marked a biological tipping point.

Researchers observed a massive wave of protein changes that dwarfed anything seen during the first two days.

Overall, 1,034 proteins changed significantly during the 7-day fast, with most of those changes emerging after the day 3 threshold.

This included proteins linked to cardiovascular health and proteins involved in the literal structure and function of the brain, offering new insights into how prolonged fasting may help prevent—or potentially even treat—certain neurological disorders.

This wasn't just an energy shift.

It looked more like a biological software update!Image
Read 5 tweets
Jun 26
Do Statins Cause Alzheimer’s: The Uncomfortable Nuanced Truth

1/5) Can statins cause Alzheimer’s disease and dementia? The honest answer is more complex than people give it credit for.

There are data suggesting statins can impair cognition. There are also data showing neutral effects, and even potentially protective effects. That contradiction requires resolution, not echo chambers.

Take a 2012 study in patients with pre-existing cognitive decline:

• Removing statins for 6 weeks improved cognition
• Re-challenging with statins for 6 weeks worsened cognition

Sounds alarming. But that’s not the whole story.Image
2/5) Many studies and meta-analyses find: no cognitive harm, neutral effects, or even potential protection against dementia

So, what’s going on? The answer likely lies in the interaction between:

• The pleiotropic effects of statins and
• Individual host physiology

Context matters. (Shocker)

Most Americans are metabolically unhealthy.

They have endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation.

On THAT metabolic background, statins may improve: endothelial function, blood flow, and inflammation Potentially benefiting both heart AND brain.Image
3/5) But there’s a flip side. As one example, common statins like atorvastatin may inhibit Complex IV activity in mitochondria.

And impaired Complex IV activity is associated with energetic dysfunction in the brain and Alzheimer’s disease.

So, there’s a push-pull. Some benefits. Some potential costs.Image
Read 5 tweets
Jun 23
The Longevity Molecule is Garlic Nobody Saw Coming 🧛‍♂️🧄

1/4) Look at these two graphs.

LEFT: This what happens to circulating levels of something called “eNAMPT” with age in humans. It drops.

eNAMPT is a form of the enzyme NAMPT packaged into tiny extracellular vesicles (e) that travel throughout the body.

Why does that matter?

NAMPT is critical for producing NAD+, a molecule essential for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and countless other biological processes.

RIGHT: This shows what happens when researchers treat animals with eNAMPT-containing vesicles.

Lifespan increases by roughly 10%.

But here's where the story takes a surprising turn... Garlic!?!Image
2/4) In a 2026 paper published in Cell Metabolism, researchers connected a compound found in aged garlic extract—called S1PC (1)—to this longevity pathway.

Specifically, S1PC stimulates fat cells to release eNAMPT (2). What happens next is pretty wild.

eNAMPT travels to the brain (3), increases NAD+ levels, and ultimately contributes to improvements in muscle function, strength, and frailty measures in aged animals (4).

What's more, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in humans, supplementation with S1PC from aged garlic extract increased circulating eNAMPT levels.

The effect was particularly evident in adults over 40 who were not clinically underweight.

In other words, the mechanism appears to translate from mice to humans.Image
3/4) So, let's zoom out.

• eNAMPT declines with age in humans.
• eNAMPT treatment can improve NAD+, physical function, and lifespan in animals.
• S1PC from aged garlic stimulates eNAMPT production.
• S1PC increases circulating eNAMPT levels in humans.

I'm not claiming garlic is the secret to living to 120.

But this is one of the most unexpected longevity pathways I've seen in a long time—and there's much more to the story…Image
Read 4 tweets
Jun 7
How To Optimize Sleep to Clean the Brain

1/6) Sleep is critical for clearing metabolic waste out of your brain. But few people know how to optimize this process.

So today we're breaking it all down: a masterclass on the glymphatic system (link at the end) and how your brain cleans itself while you sleep.

Let's start with the fundamentals: what is the glymphatic system?

Most of your body has two major vessel systems:
👉Blood vessels → deliver oxygen and nutrients
👉Lymphatics → remove waste

But your brain, despite being one of your most metabolically active organs, lacks the conventional lymphatic system.

So how does it take out the trash?Image
2/6) The answer is the glymphatic system.

Unlike lymphatics, it isn't a dedicated network of vessels. During sleep, blood vessels in the brain constrict slightly, creating channels through which cerebrospinal fluid flows.

Think of it as a nightly shower for your brain, washing away metabolic debris that accumulated during the day.
Why does this matter?

Because when glymphatic clearance becomes impaired, metabolic waste can accumulate in the brain.

Over time, this is thought to contribute to brain metabolic dysfunction, cognitive decline, and potentially neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's.

Which brings us to the next question...Image
3/6) When does glymphatic clearance occur?

Primarily during deep sleep.

That means one of the best ways to support your brain's waste-removal system is to improve deep sleep—without sacrificing REM sleep.

One interesting tool... Image
Read 6 tweets
May 26
Most Promising Molecules that Fight Alzheimer’s (New Science)

1/12) Here are five molecules that might protect the brain against Alzheimer’s based on new 2025 – 2026 science.

Lock in. This one goes deep! Image
2/12) The first is lithium.
• Across geographies, higher trace lithium levels in drinking water are associated with lower Alzheimer’s rates.
• Brains with Alzheimer’s disease show lower lithium levels.
• And lithium inhibits a protein (GSK3β) that plays a central role in promoting Alzheimer’s.Image
3/12) There may even be a vicious cycle.

Research suggests amyloid pathology in Alzheimer’s can sequester lithium, lowering available levels → which may promote more pathology → more sequestration → and downward spiral towards dementia. Image
Read 12 tweets

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