Thread by @GujaratHistory

Gujarat's great king Siddharaj Jaysinh Solanki died in 1142 AD after 49 years rule.He had no son.His time was a golden era of Gujarat history.After death of Gujarat king Siddhraj Jaysinh, his cousin's grandson Kumarpal became Gujarat's 8th Solanki king as Jaysinh had no son.

As Kumarpal was descendant of Bhimdev 1st & his concubine Bakuladevi,king Siddharaj Jaysinh was against Kumarpal to become king after his death.Kumarpal was in exile & roaming one place to another in disguise because of fear of 12th century Gujarat king Siddharaj Jaysinh Solanki.

When Gujarat king Siddhraj Jaysinh died in 1142, throne heir Kumarpal was in Malwa in exile. He came to Patan & became Gujarat king after 30 days.Kumarpal Solanki became Gujarat king with help of Hemchandracharya, minister Udayan & Army Chief Krishndev who was his sister husband.

In 1142 AD Kumarpal Solanki became Gujarat king at age of 50 years. In the beginning, he faced much protest from courtiers but he suppressed rebels ruthlessly. King Kumarpal invaded Shakambhari. It Chauhan king Arnoraj made truce by marrying his daughter Jalhana with Kumarpal.

12th century Gujarat Solanki king Kumarpal invaded & defeated Shakambhari twice. In 1145 AD he defeated Ajmer Chauhan king in this invasion. Gujarat king Kumarpal dethroned Abu Parmar king Vikramsinh for his treachery. He made Vikramsinh's nephew Yoshodhaval Abu king.

12th century Shakambhari Chauhan king Arnoraj's son Vigrahraj/Visaldev was very brave. He freed Shakambhari from Gujarat's Solanki king's rule. He attacked Delhi & won Delhi.

In 12th century Gujarat Solanki king Kumarpal's army under command of Ambad invaded Konkan state Shilahar. Gujarat army won Shilahar and it's King Mallikarjun was killed by beheading.

In 1151 AD Gujarat king Kumarpal Solanki donated a village to Shiv temple of Chittorgarh in Rajasthan through his administrator Dandnayak Sajjan.12th century Gujarat Solanki king Kumarpal ruled over Gujarat, Abu, Marwad, Mewad, Sambhar, Ajmer, Malwa & north Konkan.

In 12th century Hemchandracharya wrote 'Trishashtishlakapurushcharit' & 'Yogshastra' containing 20 Vitragstuti at the request of King Kumarpal. Gujarat king Kumarpal visited Saurashtra pilgrimage places including Somnath twice with Hemchandracharya & 2nd time in Jain Sangh.

12th century Gujarat Solanki Rajput king Kumarpal abolished cruel law of 'Aputrikadhan' (sonless widow's wealth). By this law, sonless widow's wealth was forfeited after the death of a widow by the king.

12th century great Gujarat Solanki king Kumarpal died in 1172 AD at age of 81 years after the rule of 30 years. He had no son. So his nephew Ajaypal became Gujarat's 9th Solanki king.

151 years old photos of ruins of Jyotirlinga Somnath temple built by king Kumarpal in 1169 AD. It was ruined by the army of Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji (he never visited Gujarat in his lifetime) in 1300 AD. It was abolished to build the present new temple in place of it in 1950.

12th century Gujarat King Kumarpal was a follower of Shaivism but at age of 68 years, he adopted Jainism & became Shravak (disciple) of Jainism in 1160 AD. He imposed the ban on animal killing & liquor in Gujarat.Gujarati became vegetarian.He also continued his faith in Shaivism.

In 1155 AD devotee Bodana brought Ranchhodrai idol from Dwarka to Dakor. In 1162 AD Udepur-Malwa Rana Bhimsinhji renovated Dwaraka temple. In a ritual at Gomati river in Dwarka,he donated 7000 Vigha land to Gugali Brahmins of Dwarka.

861 years ago in 1159 AD tomb of Sufi Saint Abul Azam Abdullah Ibrahim was built at Bhadreshwar-Kutch in Gujarat. It still exists. In 1160 AD Saint Sheikh Ahmed Dehalvi alias Baba Dehalia died in Patan. He was buried near Saint Haji Haq's tomb. He came to Patan from Delhi in 1138

In 12th century Pralhadandev Parmar founded Pralhadanpur (now Palanpur) city. He was a subordinate ruler of Gujarat king Ajaypal Solanki. According to Jain Prabandhs, Gujarat king Ajaypal was a fanatic follower of Shaivism. So he had prejudice & intolerance to Jainism.

12th century Gujarat king Ajaypal Solanki ruled for 3 years from 1172 to 1175 AD. He was killed with a knife by Vayjaldev Pratihar/Padhiyar in 1175 AD. He had 2 queens Naikadevi & Karpurdevi and 2 sons Mulraj & Bhimdev. Mulraj became Gujarat 10th Solanki king in 1175 AD.

In 1175-76 AD Mulraj 2nd became 10th Solanki king of Gujarat after murder of king Ajaypal. He was son of queen Naikidevi, daughter of Goa king. In 1178 Gazani governor Shihabudin Muhammad invaded Gujarat. He was defeated & pushed back to Gazani by king Mulraj 2nd at Gadarghatt.

In 1178 AD Gujarat's 10th Solanki king Mulraj 2nd died at a very young age after 2 years rule. He was succeeded by his younger brother Bhimdev 2nd as Gujarat 11th Solanki king.

There are two Muslims' graves at Bhadreshwar-Kutch which bear dates of years 1174 AD and 1177 AD. These graves prove the presence of Muslims in big port city Bhadreshwar during Solanki rule. Graves may be of Arab traders.

In a copper plate donation deed of 1175 AD of the period of Gujarat king Ajaypal, Narmada Lat Mandal area & names its officials, Brahmins are mentioned. In 1175 AD Kumarsinh who was ex-minister of Gujarat king Kumarpal Solanki donated land to Kal Swamidev temple of Unjha.

In 1175 AD Mahamandaleshwar Vayajjaldev of Narmadatat Mandal of south Gujarat donated land on Narmada river bank to Brahmins for Brahmabhojan (feast to Brahmins).

As per 1177 AD Prakrit book 'Chandraprabhcharit' & Apbhransh book 'Neminathcharit', all coins of Gujarat Solanki kings were embossed with a picture of Goddess Lakshmi on them. Goddess Lakshmi is a form of wealth & prosperity.

In 989 AD copper donation plate of Ghumli's 1st known Jethwa king Bashkaldev gifted land to Bhardwaj Brahmin Damodar Ardhvaryu of Patan.Bhutambilika/Ghumli was capital city of 12th century Jethava dynasty Rajput state of west Saurashtra extended from today's Porbandar to Morbi.

12th century Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd founded Lilapur town from the name of his queen Liladevi who was a daughter of Jalore (Rajasthan) king Samantsinh Chauhan.

During 10 to 14 century Vasantotsav- Spring festival had been celebrated by Gujarat Solanki kings at Tripurushdev temple ground in Patan. In 1179 AD 'Draupadi Swayamvar' play written by poet Vijaypal was played at Vasantotsav (Spring festival) in Patan by order of king Bhimdev 2.

12 century Gujarat king Bhimdev 2nd built Bhimeshwardev temple & Lileshwardev temple in Lilapur town founded in name of his queen Liladevi. In 1183 fierce battle was fought between Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd & Delhi king Prithviraj Chauhan for beautiful daughter of Abu king

In 1197 AD Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate & Delhi Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammed Ghori's army under command of Qutbu l-Din Aiybak attacked Gujarat. Army of Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd defeated Muhammad Ghori's army near Abu mountain & forced Qutbudin Aybak to go back to Ajmer.

12th century great Persian Sufi Saint Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (R.H.) born in 1143 AD. He came to #Ajmer in 1192 AD & died here in 1235 AD.Delhi Sultan Iltutmish/Altamash built tomb of great Sufi Saint Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti after his death in 1235. Emperor Humayun renovated it

In 12th century Gujarat Solanki kings' chief Arnoraj Solanki was brave Samant (lord) of Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd. He was ancestor of Gujarat's Vaghela kings.Son of Sardar Arnoraj was Lavanprasad Vaghela who was ruler of Dholaka. He was faithful chief of Gujarat king Bhimdev 2nd.

12th century Dholaka Vaghela ruler Lavanprasad founded Salakhanpur from name of his mother Salakhandevi. He built there Salakhaneshwar temple. Dholaka ruler Lavanprasad's son Vaghela Ranak Viram founded Ghusadi (Viramgam) & built Virameshwardev temple & Sumaleshwar temple.

12th century Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd appointed Somrajdev & after him Samantsinh as the administrator of Surashtra (Saurashtra). Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd built Meghdhwani or Meghnad Mandap (bower) in Somnath temple in Saurashtra.

In 12 century Malava Parmar king Subhatverma invaded Gujarat & advanced to Dabhoi & Khambhat but he was checked & pushed back by Lavanprasad. In 1210 Chaulukya Jayantsinh defeated Gujarat king Bhimdev 2nd & became Gujarat king.He ruled 15 years. In 1225 Bhimdev became king again.

In 1211 Malwa king Arjunverma invaded Gujarat & defeated Gujarat king Jayantsinh at Pavagadh. Arjunverma married Jayantisinhs daughter Jayshri. In 1232 Begum of Delhi Sultan Altamash went Hajj pilgrimage from Gujarat port. She was given royal services by Gujarat minister Vastupal

In 1232, 4 Marwad kings invaded Gujarat.They were defeated by Dholaka ruler brave Gujarat army chief Vaghela Lavanprasad & his son Virdhaval. In 1232 Devgiri's king Singhan invaded Gujarat. He crossed Tapi river. Gujarat army under Lavanprasad Vaghela fought with him near Bharuch

In 1242 AD Gujarat's 11th Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd died after 63 years rule. He ruled Gujarat,Abu,Mevad, Dungarpur & Banswada. Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd ruled for 63 years with help of brave army chief Dholaka ruler Lavanprasad Vaghela & Vanik ministers Vastupal & Tejpal.

In 1242 AD Gujarat's 12th & last Solanki king Tribhuvanpal became Gujarat king after the death of his father Bhimdev 2nd. He ruled only 2 years & died in 1244 AD. With his death, Gujarat's Solanki dynasty rule ended. Solanki kings ruled Gujarat for 302 years.

13th century Gujarat Solanki kings' chief minister Porvad Jain Vastupal was a great diplomat & one of most wise & clever administrators of Gujarat. Gujarat's chief minister Vastupal performed great services to Gujarat Solanki king Bhimdev 2nd & Dholaka ruler Virdhaval Vaghela.

13th century Gujarat king's chief minister Vastupal was a great philanthropist. He built many public works, buildings & temples all over Gujarat. Gujarat chief minister Vastupal served Jainism by building temples at Girnar, Shatrunjay, Abu,Patan,Bharuch,Khambhat,Dabhoi & Dholaka.

13th century Gujarat king's chief minister Vastupal built Jain temples, Shiv temples & Masjid. He built libraries at Patan, Bharuch & Khambhat. Gujarat king's chief minister Vastupal was a scholar & poet. He encouraged writers & poets & spent his time with them.

13th century Gujarat king's chief minister Vastupal wrote Stotras (hymns) of Adinath, Neminath & Ambika and epic poem 'Narnarayananand'. Gujarat king's chief minister Vastupal was known as 'Kavikunjar', 'Saraswatikanthabharan', 'Kurchalsaraswati' & 'Kavichakravarti'.

13th century Gujarat kings chief minister Vastupal's pen name as a poet was 'Vasantpal'.Balchandra wrote epic poem 'Vasantvilas' on him.Biography of 13th century Gujarat chief minister is given in ancient books-Kirtikaumudi,Sukrutsankirtan, Hammirmadmardan, Sukrutkirtikallolini

13 century Gujarat minister Vastupal built Jain temples of Rushabhdev,Parshwanath & Mahavir on Girnar.He put his family members statues in these temples.Vastupal built Jain temple complex known as 'Vastupal Vihar' on Mount Girnar at Junagadh. It was opened by Vijaysensuri in 1232

In 1232 AD Gujarat Kings' Jain chief minister Vastupal built Jain temples complex 'Vastupal Vihar' on Mount Girnar at Junagadh in the memory of his two wives Lalitadevi & Sokhuka.

13 century Gujarat kings' chief minister Vastupal built Jain temples at Abu, Girnar, Shatrunjay, Jalor, Taranga, Patan, Vijapur, Bharuch, Khambhat, Dabhoi, Dholaka. chief minister Vastupal conducted & organized many Jain Sangh-group religious tours of Jain pilgrimage places free.

13th century Gujarat kings' great chief minister Vastupal died on the way during pilgrimage tour of Shatrunjay Maha Tirth in 1240 AD. He had two wives & one son.

in 1211 AD Nuruddin Muhammed Ofi wrote about Gujarat's 1st communal riot between Muslim & Parsi at Khambhat in tme of Gujarat king Siddhraj. In 1211 AD Azizuddin Saiyad came Patan from Ghazni via Delhi & settled in Sami. He was in service of Gujarat king's administrator at Unjha.

In 1236 AD Muslim Saint Baba Arjunshah died at Petlad in Gujarat. His tomb is in Petlad. As per a stone inscription, a Muslim Mir Haji built a Masjid at Ashaval/Karnavati for a public purpose in 1238 AD.

In 1244 AD Visaldev Vaghela of Dholaka became Gujarat 1st Vaghela king at Patan on the death of Gujarat last 12th Solanki king Tribhuvanpal. Gujarat Vaghela kings were of another branch of Chaulukya/Solanki Rajputs. AS they were of Vyaghrapalli town, they are known as Vaghela.

In 13th century Vaghela Rajput branch of Solanki was known as Vyaghrapalliy from their town Vyaghrapalli.From 15th century they are known as Vaghela. In 13 century 5 Vaghela Rajput kings ruled Gujarat for 60 years from 1244 to 1304. Karnadev Vaghela was last Hindu king of Gujarat

In 1244 Visaldev became Gujarat's 1st Vaghela dynasty king. He was son of Virdhaval & grandson of Lavanprasad Vaghela who were Dholaka rulers. Gujarat king Visaldev Vaghela's chief minister was Tejpal who was brother of Vastupal.He died in 1248 & Nagad Nagar became chief minister

In 13th century Gujarat king Visaldev Vaghela defeated Malwa,Mewad & north Konkan kings. His titles were Abhinav Siddharaj, Apararjun & Rajnarayan. As per book 'Vaidyanath Prashasti' written by poet Someshwardev in 1255, king Visaldev Vaghela renovated Vaidyanath temple of Dabhoi

12th century Jain trader & shipping tycoon Jagadusha was one of richest person of Gujarat.He donated huge wealth for public & religious work. In 1256-1259 great famine occurred for 3 years in Gujarat in time of king Visaldev. Jain rich of Bhadresar Kutch Jagadusha helped people.

13th century Gujarat Vaghela king Visaldev was brave, religious, philanthropist & literature lover. He built Brahmapuris for Nagar Brahmins. Gujarat Vaghela king Visaldev encouraged literature activities. There were famous poets Someshwar, Nanak & Kamaladitya in his court.

13th century Gujarat Vaghela king Visaldev's queen was Nagaldevi. As he had no son, he made his nephew Arjundev Gujarat king & died in 1262 AD.Gujarat king Arjundev Vaghela was follower of Shaivism. In 1264 AD he granted permission to Nauvah Piroz to build Masjid at Somnath port.

In 13th century Nanak was a great scholar & poet of Gujarat. Biographies of Gujarat King Arjundev Vaghela were written in epic poems by poets Ashtavdhan Krishna & Ganpati Vyas.

13th century Saurashtra governor Samantsinh built Salakshanarayan temple in memory of his brother. He built Parshwanath Jain temple on Girnar. Saurashtra governor Samantsinh renovated Revatikund on way to Dwaraka & founded idols of Shiv, Vishnu, Ganesh, Kshetrapal & Surya there.

In 1275 AD Gujarat king Arjundev Vaghela died after 13 years rule. His son Ramdev became Gujarat's 3rd Vaghela king but he died after few months rule in same year. In 1275 AD his younger brother Sarangdev became Gujarat's 4th Vaghela king.

As per book 'Trpurantak Prashasti' written in 1287 AD & a Persian book, 13th century Gujarat king Sarangdev Vaghela defeated Malwa king Gogdev. Gujarat Vaghela king Sarangdev's Saurashtra Mahamandaleshwar (governor) Vijayanand attacked Ghumali ruler Bhan Jethava.

13th century Gujarat king Sarangdev Vaghela acquired titles of 'Narayanavatar','Laxmiswayamvar', 'Malavdharadhumketu','Abhinavsiddharaj', 'Bhujbalmalla'. Gujarat king Sarangdev renovated Somnath temple & made financial provision for maintenance of Jain temples of Abu & Khambhat.

Relation of Gujarat & Arabia is more than 3000 years old. There were Arab traders' settlements on sea coast of Gujarat in ancient time. In 1286 AD Haji Afifuddin Abukasim Ibn Ali Irji who was Arab trader having sea trade at Somnath & Mangrol built Maighalunchi Masjid at Junagadh.

In 1296 AD Gujarat king Sarangdev Vaghela died after a rule of 21 years. His nephew Karnadev became 5th Vaghela king of Gujarat. He was the last Hindu king of Gujarat. Chief ministers of late 13th century Gujarat Vaghela kings:Maldev, Kanha, Madhusudan, Vadhooy & Madhav

In 1290 Italian traveller Marco Polo narrated pirates of Gujarat as most courageous & brave pirates They kept their families in ships. In book 'Prashastisangrah' of 1300, cities Darbhvati-Dabhoi,Ashapalli-Ashval, Stambhtirth-Khambhat, Dhavalak-Dholaka, Vatpadra-Vadodara mentioned

In 1301 AD the idol of Surya (sun) deity was founded in Surya (sun) temple at Sutrapada town near Veraval port in Saurashtra province of Gujarat.

In 1300 AD Khwaja Achimuddin Jauhar who was a freed slave of Arab trader Husen Makki built multi-storied Masjid at Khambhat port of Gujarat. He built 3 shops for Masjid maintenance expenses. He made Wakf of these properties.

As per Somnath stone inscription preserved in Portugal Somnath priest Tripurantak built 5 Shiv temples & north arch gate in Somnath in 1287. In stone inscription of 1300 of Jami Masjid Mangrol 'welfare state of Gujarat king Karnadev at Patan' & 'Shri Surashtramandal' is written.

As per stone inscriptions of Ravechi Mata Rav Kutch of 1272 & Bhadresar Kutch of 1275,Kutchmandal was under rule of Gujarat Vaghela kings.Oldest Muslim inscriptions of India are at Pir Lal Shobah's tomb Bhadresar-Kutch Gujarat. They are of mid 12 century & in Arabic Kufic script.

Gujarat Rajputs' surnames in Sanskrit/Prakrit in ancient time: Chauhan-Chahman, Rathod-Rashtrakut, Chavada-Chapotkat, Solanki-Chaulukya, Padhiyar-Pratihar, Vaghela-Vyaghrapalliy, Jethava-Jyeshthuk, Gohil-Guhil.

Unjha is an ancient town. It was known as Umapur. It is mentioned in Puran as a pilgrimage in Hatkeshwar Kshetra. Vadnagar is an ancient city. It was known as Anandpur. In Skanda Purana,it is mentioned as a pilgrimage place in Hatkeshwar Kshetra.

In Solanki rule 10-13 century, Gujarat had foreign trade with Iran, Arabia,Afghanistan,Africa,Sri Lanka,Java & China from Bharuch,Khambhat,Mangrol & Bhadreswar ports.Bharuch & Khambhat were major ports of Gujarat.Cloth,leather,spices,colour,indigo,cotton,sugar,wax were exported.

IIn Solanki time 10-13th century, cloths of Bharuch & Khambhat were famous They were known as 'Baroji' & 'Kambayati' respectively. In 943 AD famous Arab traveller Al-Masudi wrote about famous leather shoes of Khambhat port city of Gujarat.

In an old Gujarati commentary book of 1337 AD on 'Ganitsar' book written by Shridharacharya, tables of weights & measurements are given. In 13 century daily earning/wage of common man was 5 Vinshopaks or monthly income was 1.5 Dram. Somnath temple priest salary was 15 Dram p.m.

13th century grain weight table:4 Paval=1 Pali;4 Pali=1 Manak;4 Manak=1 Seti;6 Seti=1 Hari;4 Hari=1 Mani;16 Seti=1 Kalashi;10 Kalashi=I Sudo. Ghee/oil weight table:13 Til=1 Tip;4 Tip=1 Lagar;4 Lagar=1 Pavali;2 Pavali=1 Adhol;2 Adhol=1 Karsh;4 Karsh=1 Pal; 4 Pal=1 Sohal.

13th century gold weight table: 8 Sarsav=1 Jav;2 Jav=1 Rati;3 Rati=1 Val;16 Val=1 Gadiyano & 10 Gadiyana=1 Pal. 13th century land measurement table: 6 Jav=1 Angul;24 Angul=1 Hast;4 Hast=1 Dand;2000 Dand=1 Kosh;4 Kosh= 1 Yojan.

13th century coin currency table: 20 Vatak/Kodi=1 Kakini;4 Kakini=1 Pan;16 Pan=1 Puran/Karshapan;20 Kodi=1 Vinshopak;5 Vinshopak=1 Lohak;4 Lohak=1 Rupak and 5 Rupak=1 Dram.

In 10-13th century during the Solanki age, barter system along with coin currency existed in Gujarat. A good horse could be bought by giving 2 Dron grain or 6 bulls or 100 blankets.

In 10-13th century transfer of property of immovable properties by sale/gift/donation/wakf were done by making deeds on copper plates/stone.In a 13 century stone inscription Wakf deed made by Hormuz Arab Nuruddin Piroz gifted 2 shops & oil mill to Masjid which he built in Somnath

In 10-13th century interest rate on loan/debt was 24% p.a. Interest was not compounded. Sometimes loans were secured by properties. In 10-13 century there was a practice of to hoist Kotidhwaj-flag on house of the rich person whose property/wealth was more than 1 Koti-10 million.

Ancient name of Gujarat cities: Dwarka-Kushsthali/Dwaravati, Mahuva-Madhumati, Junagadh-Girinagar/Jirnadurg, Bharuch-Bhugrukutch/Bharukutch, Khambhat-Stambhtirth, Ashval-Ashapalli/Karnavati, Dholaka-Dhavalak, Dabhoi-Darbhvati, Vadodara-Vatpadra, Navsari-Nagsarika, Porbandar-Puri.

In ancient time Porbandar was known by Sanskrit name 'Paurvelakul'.Velakul means port. It was also known as Sudamapuri or Puri in old time. In middle age, Muslims called it Puri Bandir. In Persian/Farsi language Bandir means port. Persian name Puri Bandir later became Porbandar.

In 10 century Solanki age Gujarat names:Gurjar Desh,Gurjar Bhoomi,Gurjar Mandal,Gurjartra,Gurjaratta & from 11th century Gujarat in Arabic."Gujarat" word first used in 11th century by Persian traveller Al Biruni in his book "Tarikh Ul Hind".It is Arabic form of word "Gurjaratra".

Prior to 10th century temples were built in Gujarat with bricks & wood. It began to built temples with stones from 11 century in Solanki rule.Temples built in Gujarat during Solanki dynasty rule 10-13 century are in Solanki style of Indian temple architecture with fine sculpture.

10/11 century temple of Nilkanth Mahadev at Soonak near Patan north Gujarat is complete & classic example of small size Solanki style temple.10-13th century Solanki style temples of Gujarat:Shiv temples of Soonak,Ruhavi,Virata,Gorad;Vishnu temples of Sander,Khandosan,Manand,Valam

10-13th century Solanki style Shakti Sect temples of Gujarat: Devi temple at Dhinoj, Limboji temple at Delmal, Shitalamata temple at Piludara, Khandeshwari temple at Kasangadh and Hinglaj temple at Khandosan.

Solanki age 10-13th century temples of Gujarat: Someshwar at Gorad, Dugdheshwar at Mandrapur, Ranchhodji at Valam, Chandramaulishwar at Kamboi, Akhada at Vasai, Brahma & Panchnath at Khedbrahma, Jasmalnathji at Asoda,Mata at Kanoda, Lakulish at Pavagadh & Munibava at Than.

Solanki age 10-13th century temples of Gujarat: Nilkanth at Miyani, Madhavrai at Madhavpur, Ram at Baradia, Shiv & Vishnu at Viramgam, Ranakdevi at Wadhwan, Surya temple at Prabhas-Patan, Jagannath & Achaleshwar at Abu and Panchayatan & Bhidbhanjan at Muldwarka (Visavada).

Solanki age 10th to 13th century temples of Gujarat: Tridev temple at Kasara, Tridev Parabadi & Tridev temples at Visavada.Grand 12th century Solanki-Malwa style Galateshwar Mahadev temple near Sarnal village in Thasara Taluka is on the confluence of Mahi & Galati rivers.

In 12th century in Solanki age, two grand Navalakha temples were built at cost of nine Lakh Drams each at Ghumali & Sejakpur in Saurashtra. As amount of 9 Lakh Dram was spent on construction of each temple, they became famous as Navlakha temple.Left Ghumli & right Sejakpur temple

In Solanki age 10-13th century Toran (arch gate) of temples were built at Vadnagar, Rudramal in Siddhpur, Surya temple in Modhera & Kapadvanj. In the same era, Mansar lake at Viramgam, Sahastraling at lake Patan, Karnasagar lake near Patan & Malav lake at Dholaka were built.

In Solanki era 10-13 century Vav (stepwell) were built at Ranini & Barot Vav at Patan, Madha Vav & Ganga Vav at Wadhwan, Bhadrakali Vav at Umreth & others in Vayad, Nadiad, Kapadvanj. In the same era, famous forts of Dabhoi, Zinzuvada, Uparkot of Junagadh & Pavagadh were built.

In Solanki period of 10-13th century, Jain temples at Abu mountain, Girnar mountain, Shtrunjay mountain, Taranga hill, Kumbharia, Patan, Khambhat and Bharuch were built.

In Solanki Raiput Hindu kings rule in Gujarat during 10-13th century, Masjids of Muslims were built at Patan, Bharuch, Khambhat, Asaval, Junagadh, Somnath, Mangrol & Bhadreshwar-Kutch cities of Gujarat.

In Solanki era 10-13th century Trinetreshwar Shiv temple at Than, Rukshmani temple at Dwarka, Shashibhushan & Rudreshwar temples of Prabhas were built. In 11th century construction of temples in Gujarat started as per principles given in architecture book 'Samrangansutradhar'.

In 12 & 13 century of Solanki era, temples were built in Gujarat as per principles of temple construction given in 12th century manuscript architecture book 'Aparajitpruchha'.

In 13th century manuscript book 'Lekhanpaddhati' a rare specimen of a legal document of divorce of a lady of a higher class family of Gujarat capital Patan is given.

In rock inscription of 1277 AD of Neminath Jain temple on mount Girnar Junagadh,'Unjha' city is mentioned as 'Uchchapuri'. In 1279 AD Jain religious manuscript books 'Kalpasutra' & 'Kaulak Katha' were written on palm leaves. In these books,pictures of Jain nuns & women are drawn.

Gujarat people of 12th century as per contemporary records: Abhir, Kirat, Dhivar, Chandal, Chin, Barbar, Jangal, Nishad, Bhil, Malechchh, Turushk, Yavan, Shak, Shabar, Hun, Takk, Mahey.Names of these communities changed now.

In 12th century Patola (costly Saree) weaver Salvi people came from Marwad & settled in capital Patan on the invitation of Gujarat king Kumarpal Solanki. In old book 'Varnak Samuchyay' of early middle age, list of 500 various types of cloth,clothes & garments of Gujarat is given.

In Solanki era (10-13th century) old manuscript book 'Varnak Samuchyay' description of 9 types of Gud ( jaggery),14 types of sugar & 7 types of Sakar (sugar candy) is given.

As per floor plan, parts of ancient Hindu temple architecture-Garbhgruh, Chhadya, Mandap, Bhamati, Alind, Antaral & Mukhmandap. Ancient Hindu temple parts as per vertical view-Pith, Mandovar, Shikhar, Bhadra, Stambh, Karna, Trirath, Panchrath & Pratirath.

Types of Hindu temples in ancient time-Ekayatan, Triyayatan, Panchayatan, Saptayatan, Chhadyashikhar, Shikharanvit, Valabhichhandaj, Sandhar, Prasad etc.

In 6th century in Maitrak time there was a big Sun temple "Jayaditya" at Kotipur near Jambusar in Kavika-Kavi Vibhag ( Taluka ).In 8th century Shivrudra Bhatt of village Devadi in Suvarnamanjari vibhag in Saurashtra built temples of Hari-Vishnu, Haridev-Surya & Vinayak

In 8 to 10 century Chavda kings built many Jain temples in Gujarat Vanraj Chavda built Panchasara Parshwanath Jain temple at Patan in 746 AD. In 769 AD Ninnay/Niy who was prime minister of king Vanraj Chavda built Rishabhdev Jain temple at capital Anhilvad Patan.

In Solanki age 10-13th century most of the literature in Gujarat was written by Brahmins & Jain monks in Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apbhransh & Gorjjari. In the Solanki era of 10-13th century around 200 poets & writers created Sanskrit, Prakrit & Apbhransh literature in Gujarat.

Some famous writers of Solanki age during 10-13th century: Devsuri, Ratnaprabhsuri, Hemchandrasuri, Devbhadrasuri, Amarchandrasuri, Narchandrasuri, Udayprabhsuri, Dhanpal, Shripal, Vijaypal, Yashpal, Asad, King Kumarpal, Chandpal, Durlabhraj, Jagdev, Vagbhatt & minister Vastupal.

In 942 AD Digambar Jain monk Shreechandra wrote short story collection book 'Kahakosu' in Apbhransh. In 949 AD Chandragachchha Jain monk Jambumuni wrote 'Jinshatak' Stotra (hymn) containing Slokas about Jineshwar's feet, hand, mouth & speech.

In 10th century Brahmin Jain monk Acharya Shobhanmuni was a great scholar of Sanskrit & Jainism. He wrote 'Jinchatturvishatika'. Jain monks Pradyumansuri & Devguptasuri were famous Prakrut writers of 10th century. They wrote about Jainism & its philosophy.

11th century Pandit Uvvat of Vadnagar was a great scholar of Vedas. He wrote 'Shukla Yajurvedbhashya' & many books on Vedas. Pandit Vishnu of Anandnagar (Vadnagar) was a Sanskrit scholar. He wrote Sanskrit book 'Shankhyayan Padhdhati'.

11 century scholar & writer Jain monk Jineshwarsuri wrote books 'Panchlinga Prakaran', 'Shatsthan Prakaran', 'Haribhadriya Ashtakvruti' & 'Lilavatikaha'. In the same period, poet Soddhal who was a Kayasth of Bharuch wrote epic 'Udaysundari'.

In 1039 AD Jain monk Jinbhadrasuri alias Dhaneshwarmuni wrote large epic storybook 'Sursundari' containing 2500 stories in 16 sections.11th century poet & writer Jain monk Shantisuri wrote 'Shishyahita' commentary book on 'Uttaradhyayansutra' and 'Chaityavandan Mahabhashya'

11th century Patan Jain monk Shantisuri defeated 84 learned erudite in a debate at Malwa & won a prize of 12 lakhs which he spent to build Jain temple. Malwa king Raja Bhoj awarded the title of 'Vadvetal' to this learned Jain monk Shantisuri of Patan (Gujarat).

11th century Jain monk Maheshwarsuri was great erudite of Sanskrit,Prakrit & Apbhransh. He wrote 'Nanpanchamikaha' in Prakrit with 2000 stories. In 1054 AD Pandit Dhya Dwived who was great Sanskrit erudite of Vadnagar wrote Sanskrit book 'Nitimanjari'.

11th century Jain monk Acharya Abhaydevsuri wrote 15 large religious books of Jainism & it's philosophy. In 1067 AD Jain monk Siddhasensuri wrote book 'Vilasvati' in Apbhransh. It is first Apbhransh book of Shweatambar sect Jain monk.

In 1086 AD Jain monk Devbhadrasuri wrote 'Mahavircharit' in Prakrit containing 12025 Shloka. It is the biggest biography epic of Tirthankara Mahavir Swami. In 1102 AD he wrote a storybook 'Kaharayankos' in Prakrit at Bharuch. It contains 50 stories in 11500 Shloka.

Jain monk Devbhadrasuri was a great writer of 11 century.He wrote books 'Parshwanathcharit', 'Anantnathstotra','Vitragstav' & 'Pramanakash'.In 11 century Vardhmansuri wrote 'Adinathcharit' in Prakrit containing 11000 Shloka. It is the biggest biography of 1st Tirthankara Adinath.

In 11 century Jain monk Bhadreshwarsuri wrote an important book 'Kahavali' in Prakrit. It contains 63 biographies in 24000 Shloka. In 1104 AD Jain monk Devchandrasuri wrote 'Santinahchariy' in Prakrit containing 12100 Shloka. It is biggest biography of 16th Tirthankara Shantinath

11th century poet Shripal was a great author in Gujarat king Siddharaj Jaysinh court. He wrote many books including 'Vadnagar Prakar Prashasti'.In 11th century Jain monk Bhadreshwarsuri wrote an important book 'Kahavali' in Prakrit. It contains 63 biographies in 24000 Shloka.

In 11th century famous Kashmiri poet Bilhan came to Gujarat & lived in Patan in time of king Karnadev. He wrote Sanskrit play 'Karnasundari'.12 century poet Vagbhat wrote Alankar literature book 'Vagbhatalankar' in Sanskrit. He was chief minister of Gujarat king Siddharaj Jaysinh

11th century poet Yashashvachancra wrote 2 epics & 4 plays. His play 'Mudritkumudchandra' based on great debate of Shwetambar & Digambar sects.12th century Gujarat king Kumarpal Solanki was a good writer. He wrote grammar book 'Ganadarpan' in Sanskrit containing 900 Shloka.

11th century poet Kaul Pandit of Bharuch was an atheist. He was the follower of Rishi Charvak who challenged the existence of God. In 1137 AD Jain monk Chandrasuri wrote 'Munisuvratswamicharit' containing 11000 Shloka. It gives details of cities & kings of 12th century.

In 12th century poet Ambaprasad Mantri who was minister of Gujarat king Siddharaj Jaysinh Solanki wrote 'Kalpalata','Kalpalatapallav' & 'Kalpalatapallavshash'.

In 12 century Bhagvat scholar Devbodhi came to Patan & challenged Gujarati erudite to explain meaning of a Sanskrit Shloka created by him. As nobody could explain Shloka for 6 months,king Siddharaj Jaysinh invited great Jain monk Devsuri to accept challenge. Monk explained & won.

In 12 century Haribhadrasuri wrote 24 books of biography of 24 Tirthankar in Prakrit, of which 'Neminahchariy' was written at Patan in1160 AD. In 1174 AD king minister poet Yashpal wrote 5 part Sanskrit play 'Mohrajparajay'. It gives details of 12 century Gujarat & king Kumarpal.

12 century Jain monk Ratnaprabhsuri was great scholar & author of Sanskrit & Prakrit. He wrote many books.His 'Neminathcharit' is in 13600 Shloka. In 1185 Jain monk Somprabhacharya wrote king Kumarpal biography 'Kumarpalpratibodh' in Prakrit. It gives detail of Kumarpal & Gujarat

13th century Jain monk Devendrasuri was great scholar He wrote 'Bhashyatraya','Siddhapanchshika','Shraddhadinkrutya' & 5 'Karmagranth'. Devendrasuri also wrote epic 'Sudansanachariy' in Prakrit containing over 4000 stories in 16 parts at Bharuch.

In 13th century great Prakrit epic 'Sudansanachariy' written by great scholar Jain monk Devendrasuri, details of grand ancient Jain temple 'Shakunikavihar' of Bharuch is given.This Jain temple was destroyed by Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji's army in 1297 & Jami Masjid built there.

In 13th century Jain monk Udayprabhsuri wrote epic 'Dharmabhyuday' about Vastupal,Rishabhdev,Jambuswami,Neminath & mountains Girnar and Shatrunjay. In 1234 he wrote epic 'Sukrutkirtikallolini' containing details of Gujarat Solanki kings, minister Vastupal & Shatrunjay pilgrimage.

12th century poet Arisinh wrote epic 'Sukrutsankirtan'. It contains historical details of Gujarat Chavda,Solanki & Vaghela kings and Vastupal.13 century Jain monk Narchandrasuri wrote 'Katharatnakar' at request of Gujarat chief minister Vastupal containing holy stories of Jainism

In 1227 AD Jain monk Jaysinhsuri wrote play 'Hammirmadmardan' based on defeat of Delhi Sultan Iltutmish by Gujarati Virdhaval Vaghela & Vastupal. In 1229 Vinaychandrasuri wrote 'Kavishiksha' in Sanskrit gives Gujarat's geographical details such as provinces, zones, towns & cities

In 1296 Gujarat king Sarangdev died after rule of 21 years. His nephew Karnadev became 5th Vaghela king who was last Hindu king of Gujarat.13th century Gujarat last Hindu king Karnadev Vaghela was famous as Karan Ghelo-mad because of his whimsical nature & unpredictable behaviour

13 century Gujarat last Hindu king Karnadev not performed duties of a king. As per old books, he was full of vices of woman & vine. His minister Madhav's brother Keshav's wife was beautiful. King Karnadev attracted by her beauty. So he killed her husband Keshav & kidnapped her

Gujarat CM Madhav became angry on murder of his brother & abduction of his wife by king Karnadev. He vowed to revenge & left Gujarat in 1297. Gujarat CM Madhav went to Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji. He requested & provoked Sultan to invade Gujarat. Madhav assured Alauddin guidance

In 1297 Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji sent huge army under command of his brother Ulooghkhan, Almasbeg and Malek Nusratkhan to invade Gujarat. Jalor king Kanhaddev Chauhan refused to pass Alauddin army through his state but Mevad ruler Samarsinh gave way & paid tribute to Sultnat.

In 1297 Delhi Sultan Alauddin's army invaded Gujarat. It marched through Mevad, Dungarpur & Banas river bank and arrived at Modasa. It ruler Batad Thakor was brave. Instead of giving way to Alauddin huge army, he gave fight bravely & sacrificed his life.

After 1st victory in Gujarat at Modasa,Alauddin army looted & set fire to houses of Modasa.Then they advanced to Patan via Palanpur & Mehsana.Alauddin's army arrived at Gujarat capital Patan. It was called Naharwala by Muslims.Gujarat king Karan was prepared with 110000 soldiers.

There were Turks, Sindhi, Afghan,Momgol & 3000 Tartars in Alauddin army. Gujarat army was of 30000 lancers,80000 foot soldiers & 30 elephants. In 1298 AD Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji's army defeated Gujarat last Hindu king Karnadev Vaghela & won capital Patan after 16 months war.

In 1298 after defeat Gujarat king Karnadev Vaghela fled from capital Patan to Saurashtra. In Patan Delhi Sultan Alauddin's army looted palaces, treasure, rich people's mansions & temples. They burnt houses of Patan.Alauddin was not in invasion of Gujarat.He never visited Gujarat.

In 1298 Alauddin army won Patan. Ulughkhan captured Gujarat king Karnadev's queen Kamaladevi & sent her Delhi where Sultan Alauddin married her. Last Hindu king Karnadev Vaghela's Chief Minister was Madhav who was Visnagara Nagar Brahmin of Kutch. He brought Alaudin Khilji army

In 1298 Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji appointed Sarvarkhan as Gujarat Nazim (Governor) at Patan temporarily. Gujarat remained under Muslim rule of Delhi & Gujarat Sultanat & Delhi Mughal for 460 years (officially 454 years) until Maratha power won Gujarat from Mughals in 1758 AD.

After victory of capital Patan in 1298,Alauddin army divided into 2 groups. One went Saurashtra & other marched to Khambhat & South Gujarat. In 1299 Alauddin army under command of Ulughkhan marched in Saurashtra to destroy Somnath & other temples & to capture absconder Karnadev.

In 1300 AD Alauddin's huge army reached Somnath via Una, Diu & Mangalpur.On way it looted,burnt & destroyed towns & temples. All Saurashtra feared. Sorath's Vala,Vaja & Jethwa Rajput rulers with their armies gathered at Somnath to protect Somnath temple from invading Muslim army.

In 1300 AD a fierce battle was fought between Sorath rulers' armies & Alauddin army at Somnath. As Rajput army was outnumbered, they lost battle. Alauddin's army entered in Sutrapada town near Prabhas-Somnath & damaged famous Sun temple. It looted-burnt houses & killed people.

In 1300 AD Alauddin's soldiers entered in Somnath temple playing drums & shouting slogans & began to break idols in sculptures of temple wall. Alauddin army dug out huge Shivlinga intact from ground & loaded on a bullock cart and sent to Delhi as a gift to Sultan Alauddin Khilji.

192 & 163 years old paintings of ruins of Somnath temple built by king Kumarpal in 1169 AD. It was ruined by the army of Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji (he never visited Gujarat in his lifetime) in 1300 AD. It was abolished to build the present new temple in place of it in 1950.

274 year after Mahmood Gazani destroyed Somnath temple 1st in 1026 AD, Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji destroyed Somnath temple 2nd time. After destroying Somnath temple, army under Ulughkhan spread a reign of terror & torcher,killed Brahmins & innocent people,looted & burnt houses.

As per myth, it is believed that when Somnath Shivlinga being transported by Alauddin army to Delhi, it was taken back by people near Jasdan in Saurashtra.Brave people built a Shiv temple on Shivlinga of Somnath around 1300 AD. This temple became famous as Ghela Somnath.

In 1300 AD after destroying Somnath temple, Ulughkhan army marched on sea coast to famous Shiv temple Bileshwar via Chorwad,Mangrol & Madhavpur. Alauddin army led by Ulughkhan destroyed Shakti temple at Zund-Chorwad,Ranchhodrai temple of Madhavpur & famous Bileshwar Shiv temple.

Ancient Shiv temple of Bileshwar near Porbandar is about 1400 years old & of 7th century. Its architecture is Sandhar style. It is still in use. In 1300 AD after destroying Somnath, army of Sultan Alauddin Khilji under command of Ulughkhan damaged temple which was repaired later.

In 1300 after damaging Bileshwar temple, Ulughkhan attacked & defeated Sorath Chudasama king Ra'Mandalik at Vanthali. A penalty was imposed on him. After conquering Saurashtra,Ulughkhan appointed administrators at various strategical places & towns & left Gujarat to return Delhi.

In 1300 when Alauddin army advanced in Saurashtra,Gujarat last king Karnadev was roaming in Saurashtra,he afraid & fled to Devagiri-Maharashtra. It is amazing fact that Gujarat first Muslim ruler Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji never visited Gujarat himself during his 18 years rule.

In old time it was practice in world to make subject of defeated king slave by victors.Slaves were selected on their physical condition. In 1300 Alauddin army captured thousands of Hindu men,women & children as slave from Saurashtra. Among them, there was a Rabari boy Of Veraval.

In 1300 Rabari boy slave of Veraval (Saurashtra) was sent to Delhi & converted as Muslim. He was named Hasan who later became favourite lord of Delhi Sultan Kutubuddin.14th century Delhi Sultan Kutubuddin awarded the title of 'Khushrukhan' to Hasan and made him his army chief.

In 1320 AD after death of Sultan Kutubuddin Khilji his Gujarati Rabari army chief Khushrukhan became Delhi Sultan but he was killed in 3 months. It is fact that a Gujarati Hindu Rabari boy caught as a slave & converted Muslim became Delhi Sultan who ruled north India & Gujarat.

In 1299 AD Alauddin army's 2nd group under command of Nusratkhan marched to Khambhat & south Gujarat. Khambhat was major port with rich traders. Alauddin army looted Khambhat's rich Hindu & Muslim traders, burnt houses & temples & killed thousands of innocent people of all ages.

In 1299 Alauddin army looted large quantity of gold,silver,diamonds,pearls,ruby,jade,silk clothes from rich & prosperous port city Khambhat. Alauddin army led by Nusratkhan spread the reign of terror & destruction in south Gujarat cities. It captured Gujarati people as slaves.

In 1299-1300 AD Delhi Sultan Alauddin's army led by Nusratkhan captured 20000 beautiful girls as slaves from south Gujarat. Alauddin's army captured a very beautiful slave named Kafur of a Muslim trader of Khambhat. Later he became powerful Amir (noble) Malek Kafur in Delhi.

2200 years ago princess Sudarshana of Sri Lanka built a grand #Jain temple "Shakunika Vihar" at #Bharuch. In 12th century Vagbhat son of minister Udayan renovated Jain temple 'Shakunika Vihar'.It was razed by Allauddin Khilji's army in 1297/99 & Jami Masjid was built on its place

146 years old drawings of pillars & ceiling panel of 13th century Jami Masjid of #Bharuch was drawn by historian James Burgess in 1874. It was built by army of Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji on the place of an ancient #Jain temple in 1297 AD. It is one of oldest #Masjid of Gujarat.

My photo history of ancient Jami #Masjid of #Bharuch was published in leading Gujarati newspaper
@gujratsamachar
on 28-1-2016.

In 1300 after victory of Gujarat, Alauddin army,Ulughhkan & Nusratkhan returned back to Delhi. On way neo Muslim soldiers revolted near Jalor.Alauddin army rebels led by Mohmmedshah disputed distribution of Gujarat loot. They killed Nusrat's brother Azazuddin & Alauddin nephew.

In old time it was practice in Muslim armies that 20% of looted wealth in an invasion was kept by ruler & remaining 80% given to soldiers. In 1300 Ulughkhan & Nusratkhan suppressed soldiers mutiny caused by unjust distribution of Gujarat loot.Rebels fled away. Army reached Delhi.

Delhi Sultan Alauddin ordered Nesratkhan to punish rebel soldiers' families He arrested women & children who were gang-raped & brutally killed. Alauddin killed rebel soldiers children by making their pieces on breast of their mothers Ziauddin Barani noted it was against religion.

In 1300 Alaudin army returned Delhi from Gujarat. They brought looted huge treasure & wealth,elephants,horses,slaves & Gujarat queen Kamaladevi.Ulughkhan gifted very beautiful Kamaladevi who was queen of Gujarat last Hindu king Karnadev to Delhi Sultan Alauddin who married her.

Ulughkhan also gifted Sultan Alauddin a Rabari slave boy & beautiful slave Kafur captured from Veraval and Khambhat. Later they became famous.Gujarati Rabari slave boy became army chief Khushrukhan who killed last Khilji Sultan Kutubuddin in 1320 & became Delhi Sultan Nasiruddin.

Slave Kafur captured from Khambhat became favourite Amir (noble) Malek Kafur of Sultan Alauddin.Malek Kafur murdered Sultan Alauddin in 1316.Ulughkhan who led Alauddin army & won Gujarat in 1298 was Alauddin's brother.His real name was Almas Beg.He was awarded title of Ulughkhan.

Ulughkhan was very brave. After Gujarat victory,he and Sultan Alauddin invaded Ranthanbhor Chauhan king Hamirdev and won Ranthambhor fort.Nusratkhan who led Alauddin army in Khambhat & south Gujarat was killed by a stone thrown by lithobolos in battle of Ranthambhor in Rajasthan.

After the victory of Ranthabhor fort in Rajasthan, Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji gifted Ranthambhor state to his top General Ulughkhan who won Gujarat for Sultan Alauddin Khilji but while returning Delhi from Ranthambhor, Ulughkhan died of sickness on the way.

In 1304 AD Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji appointed Alapkhan who was his brother-in-law (wife's brother) as regular Nazim (governor) of Gujarat. In 1304 Delhi Sultan Alauddin sent a huge army under command of Jahitam & Panchmani to Gujarat to establish Delhi rule strongly in state.

In 1298 AD Alauddin army invasion & victory of Gujarat resulted in migrations of people within Gujarat & to places outside Gujarat. In 13-14th century Modh Brahmin & Modh Vanik of Modherak (Modhera) left the city and they spread in other areas of Gujarat. Modhera city ruined.

After invasions on Somnath by Mahmud Ghazni in 1026 & Alauddin Khilji in 1300 large groups of south Saurashtra Brahmin migrated to Tamil Nadu. In early 14 century these Brahmins reached Tamil Nadu via Maharashtra, Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. Some went by sea route & Konkan coast.

In an early 14th century, Saurashtra Brahmins settled in Madurai & surrounding area. They are known as Saurashtri. Their dialect is 'Saurashtri'. Tamil Nadu Saurashtri people speak Tamil with others but among themselves speak in Saurashtri which is written in Nagari script.

Tamil Nadu Saurashtri people's language Saurashtri is a mixture of Kannada, Telugu, Tamil & 14th century old Gujarati as they came in 14th century. In old-time Tamil Nadu Saurashtra people were in the profession of cloth weaving & dyeing. They bear surnames of Aiyar and Aiyangar.

In 14th century Brahmins of Saurashtra region of Gujarat migrated to Tamil Nadu due to Muslim invasions on Saurashtra. In Tamil Nadu Saurashtri people marriage ritual fathers of both bride & bridegroom declare that they belong to Saurashtra.

In 1300 AD Gujarat's defeated last Hindu king Karnadev Vaghela left Gujarat with his 7 years old princess Devaldevi. He took asylum of Devgiri ruler Ramchandra who asked Karnadev to go to Baglan fort in Khandesh as his subordinate ruler.

Gujarat last Hindu king Karnadev with his princess Devaldevi lived in Baglan in Khandesh as Samant-subordinate of Devgiri king Ramchandra Yadav. king Ramchandra asked Gujarat last king Karnadev to marry his daughter Devaldevi with his prince Singhaldev but Karnadev refused.

In 1306 AD Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji prepared huge army under command of Malek Kafur to conquer south India which began march in same year. In 1306 Gujarat queen Kamaladevi & now favourite Begum of Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji requested Sultan to bring her daughter Devaldevi.

Devaldevi was living with her father Gujarat last king Karnadev at Baglan in Khandesh. Alauddin ordered Gujarat Nazim (governor) Alapkhan to bring her. In 1307 Gujarat Nazim Alapkhan attacked Gujarat last king Karnadev at Baglan & sent message to surrender his princess Devaldevi.

Karnadev refused to surrender his daughter to Alapkhan to take her Delhi,so Sultan army engaged Karndev in battle.This news reached Devgiri. As Karnadev was in trouble,Devgiri crown prince Singhaldev sent his brother Bhimdev with gifts to Baglan & made proposal to marry Devaldevi

In past Karnadev refused Singhaldev's proposal as he was Yadav caste. Now Karnadev thought Hindu Yadav is better than Muslim. So he agreed. king Karnadev accepted Devgiri (Khandesh) crown prince Singhaldev's proposal & sent his daughter Devaldevi to Devgiri with escorts in 1307.

When news of Devaldevi departure reached Alapkhan,he fiercely attacked Karnadev & defeated him. Again Karnadev fled to Devgiri for shelter.A group of 400 soldiers of Alapkhan went to visit Ellora caves. On way they met Devaldevi & her escort party Alapkhan soldiers attacked them.

A bow injured Devaldevi horse & she fell down. Soldiers not identified her but her maid shouted to soldiers"Behave properly she is Devaldevi".Soldiers brought Gujarat princess Devaldevi to Alapkhan who camped in Khandesh.He overjoyed as he succeeded to carry out orders of Sultan.

In 1307 at age of 14 years princess Devaldevi was brought Patan in Palakhi from Khandesh by Alapkhan. She was sent to Delhi with royal honour. Gujarat last king Karnadev fled to Devgiri but condition changed there.Its King Ramchandra was defeated by Malek Kafur of Alauddin army.

In 1307 Gujarat last Hindu king Karnadev Vaghela desperately left Devgiri & went to #Telangana.After some time he died in roaming in #Andhra. In 1866 first novel of Gujarati literature 'Karan Ghelo' was written by Nandshankar Mehta (1835-1905). It was based on last king Karnadev.

In end of year 1307 AD Gujarat princess Devaldevi was sent Delhi to her mother Gujarat queen Kamaladevi who was Delhi Sultan Alauddin's Begum.Delhi Sultanat crown prince Khizarkhan who was brought up with Devaldevi in queens' palace fall in love with her. He decided to marry her.

Crown prince Khizarkhan's mother Maleka Jahan was against her son Khizarkhan marriage with Devaldevi. She wanted his marriage with her niece. In 1311 Alauddin crown prince Khizarkhan married daughter of his maternal uncle Alapkhan who was Gujarat governor .Prince was not happy.

In 1313 Delhi Sultan Alauddin's crown prince Khizarkhan married Gujarat princess Devaldevi-age 20 years. She was renamed 'Daval' means prosperity. In 1315 famous Persian poet Amir Khushrau wrote romantic book 'Davalrani-Khizarkhan'. It is based on Devaldevi-Khizarkhan love story.

In 1304 AD Delhi Sultan Alauddin appointed his brother-in-law Malek Sanjar as Gujarat first Nazim (governor) at Patan. His title was Alapkhan. He was visionary & good administrator. He took steps for the development of Gujarat & establishment of peace.

In early 14 century Sama dynasty Rajput Jam Abada Jadeja was the ruler of Abadasa area of western Kutch with capital at Vadsar. He was very brave. He challenged & fought very bravely with the army of Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khilji.

In 1314 Delhi Sultan Alauddin army attacked Sumara king Ghogha at his capital Umarkot in Sindh. 140 Sumari queens & princesses fled to Kutch.140 Sumari queens-princess took refuge under Jam Abada at Vadsar Kutch.Alauddin army followed beautiful women of Sumara king & came Vadsar.

In 1314 Alauddin army chief ordered Jam Abada to surrender 140 Sumari women.He refused to surrender refugee Sumari women to Alauddin army.Jam Abada fought with Alauddin army for 5 weeks & died in unequal fight thereby acquiring immortal fame in Kutch history. He was really brave.

Kutch Rajput women of Jam Abada family & 140 Sumari women of Sindh royal family became Sati by burning themselves in fire of pyre at Vadsar.A monument temple is built in memory of brave Jam Abada Jadeja on river bank at Vadsar Kutch where fair is held on Holi festival every year.

Our tribute to brave Jam Abada Jadeja who sacrificed his life performing Kshatriya Dharma (duty) in protection of refugee Sumari women. Kutch's Abada Jadeja's grandson Krishnaraj migrated to Mysore in 1336 AD.His descendants are Wadiyar dynasty Rajputs of Mysore in Karnataka.

Sumara were Hindu Raiput origin community of Sindh. They adopted Islam during reign of Alauddin Khilji & Mahmud Begada in 14 & 15 century. As per Sumara's own belief, they are Tamim & Qureshi tribes of Arab and they are descendants of Tamim Ansari. They came from Arabia to Sindh.

In 14 & 15 century Sumara Muslim came to Kutch from Sindh.From Kutch they spread in Saurashtra & other parts of Gujarat.They became farmers.Sumara were Jagirdar-landlord & warriors in Sindh.Their king Hamir Sumaro of Sindh is famous in history.They are agriculturist,Ghanchi/Chaki

Famous Pakistani Gujarati writer late Adam Sumaro was born in village Bag near Mandvi (Kutch). He wrote Gujarati book 'Karachi' which gives history of Karachi & Gujarati people of Karachi. He was a Sumara Muslim.He was a columnist writer of Gujarati weekly magazine 'Chitralekha'.