Thread by @DrSubhasree

How does #VitaminD prevent complications in severely affected #COVID19 patients (approx. 20% of hospitalized patients develop serious symptoms) by managing the cytokine/bradykinin storm, ARDS, and organ damage? Thread

1. Cytokine Storm:

a. Vitamin D decreases the production of Th1 cells. Thus, it can suppress the progression of inflammation through reducing the generation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-17.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16142846/
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21047796/

b. Vitamin D also decreases the generation of TNFα and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D, a biologically active form of vitamin D, directly inhibits gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-2.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18717824/
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6427926/

2. Vitamin D could reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection by inducing the production of cathelicidin & defensins, which reduce the survival & replication of viruses. Cathelicidins were shown to have a protective effect against lung damage due to hyperoxia.
sciencedirect.com/science/articl…

3. Kidney damage prevention: Vitamin D treatment can suppress ACE2 expression in kidney tubule cells, thereby preventing COVID-19 entry into the cell in diabetic patients and protecting the kidney.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26968558/
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29715453/

4. Angiotensin II is a hormone in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which increases blood pressure. Vitamin D prevents Ang II accumulation & proinflammatory activity in COVID patients, thus reducing the risk of ARDS, myocarditis, or cardiac injury.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32215613/

5. ARDS:

a. Vitamin D deficiency is an important risk factor in ARDS as well as in many diseases. A single high-dose preoperative treatment with oral vitamin D was reported to prevent ARDS by reducing postoperative pulmonary vascular permeability index.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30222631/

b. A study showed that vitamin D exhibits a direct protective effect on the alveolar epithelium, and decreased the death of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells in the lipopolysaccharide-induced ARDS mouse model.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25903964/

c. Another study demonstrated that vitamin D treatment was shown to have a protective effect on the lungs by inhibiting renin, ACE, and Ang II level, and increased ACE2 level expression in acute lung injury model in animals.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28944831/

6. Bradykinin Storm: A latest study reported bradykinin vitamin D as a potential treatment for Covid-19 as the vitamin regulates the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and prevents bradykinin accumulation.
elemental.medium.com/a-supercompute…

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