IPCC: "In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5°C, global net anthropogenic CO₂ emissions [reach] net zero ~2050 (2045–2055)"

There are likely equally plausible scenarios (shown here) that reach net-zero CO₂ emissions in 2100 with the same 'carbon budget'.

1/
You don't believe me?

These are the scenarios used for net-zero ~2050 (2045-2055). They basically all cross zero around 2050. This is because they focus on 2100 targets & allow 'overshoot'.

This is a design feature of the scenarios, & are not the only way to get to 1.5°C!

2/
The temperature response to those scenarios all have a 'peak & decline' shape. Some of the 'peak & decline' is due to CO₂ emissions & some to non-CO₂ emissions (GWP100 confuses this point).

Most modelling uses a 2100 target, allowing overshoot (a cost-effective 'feature').

3/
All our climate policy is based on scenarios to the left, instead of scenarios to the right.

I say this is a problem...

More info:

4/4

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More from @Peters_Glen

18 Mar
THREAD: Net-zero emissions

What is the the different between zero & net-zero? CO₂ or GHG?

Does net-zero mean emissions continue but are offset by Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)? (no)

Based on a presentation: slideshare.net/GlenPeters_CIC…
2. First, why is "net-zero" needed in the first place?

Science shows that the temperature stops rising when CO₂ emissions reach (net-)zero.

There are non-CO₂ emissions, but they have a smaller (secondary) effect & declining emissions may be sufficient

cicero.oslo.no/no/posts/klima…
3. Zero emissions:

If we take a remaining carbon budget consistent with 1.5°C, then emissions need to drop rapidly. This curve converges to zero, there is no physical reason to have a straight line to zero.

(I took 580GtCO₂ from SR15 Table 2.2, not adjusted for time past)
Read 14 tweets
17 Mar
What is net-zero? Is it carbon neutral? CO₂ or GHG?

Did you know that 1.5°C scenarios reach net-zero CO₂ emissions around 2050, but net-zero GHG emissions around 2070?

1/
For a likely below 2°C scenario, the net-zero years are shifted back about 20 years.

In fact, many likely below 2°C scenarios don't require net-zero GHG emissions until after 2100.

2/
And why "net" and not just zero?

That is because it is hard to get all emissions completely to zero, & so some carbon dioxide removal is needed to clean up any remaining emissions.

The scale is important. How much CDR is possible?

3/
Read 6 tweets
16 Mar
IPCC AR5 WG3 (2014) had a figure showing the impact on mitigation costs of various technology restrictions (eg, no CCS).

It also compared lower energy demand (20–30% below baseline by 2050 & 35–45 % by 2100), first set of bars.

This 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 mitigation costs by half.

1/
The 'low energy demand' analysis enforced a reduction on demand, but did not evaluate the costs (ie, mitigation costs of reduced demand are assumed zero).

This is the same as in newer studies
* LED: nature.com/articles/s4156…
* Alternative pathways: nature.com/articles/s4155…

2/
The (infamous) 'Low Energy Demand' scenario essentially combines two components, 'low energy demand' & 'no CCS'.

It also does really detailed analysis on the demand side, not just an arbitrary reduction (which is good).

nature.com/articles/s4156…

3/
Read 10 tweets
13 Mar
A new estimate of fossil CO₂ emissions in 2020 from @Carbon_Monitor, showing a decline in the full year of 5.4% (1900MtCO₂).

The dip was largest in the first COVID19 wave in ~April, but at the end of 2020, monthly emissions were similar to 2019.

1/

arxiv.org/abs/2103.02526
The analysis covers all major emitters
* China the only major nation with grow (+0.5%), with end-of-year monthly emissions exciting 2019 levels
* USA: Down 9.4%
* EU27+UK: Down 7.5%
* India: Down 8.1%

The COVID declines build on top of preexisting trends.

2/
Transport was the major driver of change:
* Ground transport was 37% of the decline
* International transport was 28%, despite representing 2-3% of global emissions

The power sector was 18% of the decline, but monthly emissions are already back to 2019 levels (globally).

3/
Read 5 tweets
4 Mar
THREAD: Is this time different?

Over 10 years ago we had the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), we discussed recovery funds & rebounds at length.

But 10 years later, the context is different. Pre-COVID growth in global CO₂ emissions was slowing…

nature.com/articles/s4155…
2. The GFC came after 10 years of strong growth. There was a 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 5% rebound in 2010…

Then from around 2012 emissions growth started to slow. Could this GFC recovery funds, GFC after effects, climate policy working, ...? (we don't know)

rdcu.be/bOUaB
3. Comparing 2011-2015 with 2016-2019 (global stocktake), CO₂ emissions have
* Declined in 64 countries: -0.16GtCO₂/yr
* Increased in the remainder: 0.37GtCO₂/yr
* Net increase: 0.21GtCO₂/yr

But emission reductions need to ramp up to 1-2GtCO₂/yr 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫...
Read 12 tweets
2 Mar
1. The @IEA is out with estimates of fossil energy CO₂ emissions for 2020:
* Primary energy down ~4%
* CO₂ emissions down 5.9% or 2GtCO₂
* Coal down 4%
* Oil down 8.6%

iea.org/articles/globa…
2. Our latest estimate (from yesterday) is 4.9% down. The main difference is in oil. Our method may not have picked up the drop in international bunkers. Time will tell...

3. The drop in monthly CO₂ emissions was greatest in April during the first COVID19 wave.

CO₂ emissions recovered throughout the year to end higher than levels in 2019, despite 2nd & 3rd & ... waves of COVID19.
Read 10 tweets

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