In letter published in @ScienceMagazine today, I join 17 other scientists in calling for further investigation of #SARSCoV2 origins, including objective consideration of both accidental lab leak and natural zoonosis: science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.… (1/n)
We note the scientific community has made admirable progress in understanding biology of #SARSCoV2, including developing vaccines & other countermeasures. But more investigation needed to determine origin of pandemic, which is critical to mitigating risk of future outbreaks (3/n)
In November 2020, terms were set for a joint China-@WHO study. The information, data, and samples for the study’s first phase were collected and summarized by the Chinese half of the team, and the rest of the team built on this analysis for the report (4/n)
There were no clear findings of either a natural spillover or lab accident, but the report assessed zoonotic spillover from an intermediate host as “likely to very likely” and a lab accident as “extremely unlikely.” (who.int/publications/i…) (5/n)
In a statement accompanying the report, @WHO Director-General @DrTedros said that the consideration of a lab incident was not sufficiently extensive, and more investigation was needed (who.int/director-gener…) (6/n)
The US government & 13 other countries also released a statement expressing similar concerns (state.gov/joint-statemen…) (7/n)
As scientists, we agree w these statements that greater clarity about origins of the pandemic is necessary & feasible. We must take hypotheses about both natural & lab spillovers seriously, and ensure investigation is transparent, data driven, and includes broad expertise (8/n)
Public health agencies and research labs need to open their records to the public. Investigators should document the veracity and provenance of data from which analyses are conducted. (9/n)
Finally, in this time of unfortunate anti-Asian sentiment in some countries, we note that early in the pandemic it was Chinese doctors, journalists, etc who shared key information about virus’s spread—often at great personal cost (cnn.com/interactive/20…) (10/n)
We should show the same determination in promoting a dispassionate science-based discourse on this difficult but important issue (11/n).
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We've written a perspective on a new study by @MAMdayIndayOut that helps explain why some viruses (measles) don't evolve to escape immunity but others (influenza) do. Provides some clues relevant to future for #SARSCoV2 as well: cell.com/cell-reports-m…
Here is a recap: (1/n)
Measles and influenza are both respiratory RNA viruses with high mutation rates. Immunity to measles is lifelong: before vaccines, people were infected just once in their lives. Then a measles vaccine was developed >50 years ago and it still works great today. (2/n)
Unfortunately, same is not true for influenza. Typical person is re-infected with same subtype of influenza every 5-7 yrs. Importantly, influenza re-infections are *not* because immunity is weak or transient. We know this from the 1977 flu pandemic. (3/n)
In new study, we compared specificity of #SARSCoV2 antibody response elicited by Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine vs infection. Some interesting differences: vaccine neut activity more RBD targeted, but has broader binding within RBD: biorxiv.org/content/10.110… (1/n)
First @AllieGreaney & Andrea Loes quantified how important RBD-binding antibodies were for neutralization by mRNA-vaccine- and infection-elicited sera. Vaccine sera neutralization was highly RBD directed: >90% of neut by nearly all vaccine sera due to RBD-binding antibodies (2/n)
This result is interesting, as mRNA-1273 encodes entire spike ectodomain with stabilizing 2P mutations. But either those mutations or differences in antigen presentation by mRNA vaccine vs viral infection cause vaccine neut antibodies to focus more heavily on RBD. (3/n)
We've created an interactive website to visualize >100,000 experimental measurements of how mutations to #SARSCoV2 RBD affect binding by antibodies & sera: jbloomlab.github.io/SARS2_RBD_Ab_e… Explore it to examine a wealth of information about the antigenic effects of viral mutations. (1/n)
Over the last 9 months, the indefatigable @tylernstarr & @AllieGreaney have used deep mutational scanning to measure how the 2,304 RBD mutations tolerated for protein folding / ACE2 binding affect recognition by 50 antibodies / sera. Data scattered across multiple papers. (2/n)
We have consolidated these data so they can be explored to understand antigenic impacts of mutations observed during genomic surveillance. Best way to look at data is to explore the website at jbloomlab.github.io/SARS2_RBD_Ab_e…, but here are some static-image summaries: (3/n)
In new work led by @AllieGreaney, we analyze mutational escape of #SARSCoV2 from monoclonal & polyclonal antibodies in terms of RBD epitope classes (biorxiv.org/content/10.110…). Provides useful framework for conceptualizing effects of individual and combined mutations. (1/n)
Specifically, @cobarnes27@bjorkmanlab classified potent neutralizing anti-RBD antibodies in 3 classes using structural analyses (nature.com/articles/s4158…). These classes (1, 2, 3) shown below (also 4th class of less potent antibodies that bind further from ACE2 interface). (2/n)
@AllieGreaney used deep mutational scanning to map all mutations that escape binding to yeast-displayed RBD by antibodies of each class (from @NussenzweigL). Below are escape maps. Escape mutations usually at antibody contact sites, but not all contact site mutations escape (3/n)
There are divergent opinions, as always for scientific questions w little evidence. But that’s point: there’s incomplete evidence either way. So like @mbeisen (
), I’m astonished about certainty professed given current evidence. (2/9)
Central to being a good scientist is keeping an open mind when evidence is sparse, and as a “virus expert” who has followed this topic closely: it’s clear in any objective assessment that both natural origins and accidental lab leak are plausible. (3/9)
We corroborate recent work showing LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016 is escaped by mutations in B.1.351 and P.1 viral lineages (E484K and K417N/T, respectively), and also show that LY-CoV555 is affected by the L452R mutation in B.1.429. (2/n)
Specifically, we used complete mapping approach we had previously applied to antibodies in REGN-COV2 (science.sciencemag.org/content/371/65…) to also determine how all RBD mutations affect LY-CoV555 binding. Below are maps of how mutations affect binding (big letter = escape from binding) (3/n)