In my opinion the “Fed Funds Rate” of crypto will be derived from the Ethereum / top L1 staking rates.
It's a futuristic take but an interesting thought experiment, lets build a better financial system with crypto native interest rates.
2/ The ETH staking rate will derive yield from two sources:
1) Block Rewards 2) Network Fees
Let’s dive into these and how we can relate them back to our current economic system.
3/ Source 1: Block Rewards
Block rewards are inflation needed to secure the underlying network and can be thought of as a base rate.
This is very interesting because inflation of Ethereum (money supply) and the staking rate (interest rate) will be tied together at the hip.
4/ When we look at these two metrics in the US, we have M2 money supply growing at ~8% since 2008 and interest rates (FFR) at .25% for most of that time.
This causes massive distortions within the economy incentivizing huge amounts of unproductive debt.
5/ Within a crypto native model these distortions no longer become possible as the block rewards portion of the interest rate is directly derived from the “money supply / ETH expansion”.
*Post merge we may even see deflationary ETH due to fee burns*
6/ Source 2: Network Fees
After the merge, with fee revenue going to validators, we will have the second albeit variable source of our yield.
The amount of fees (economic activity) generated on Ethereum will directly impact the staking rate.
7/ During times of economic expansion the staking rate will increase due to soaring fees thus making it more expensive for borrowers, and vice versa during economic contraction. Thus naturally balancing out the economic cycle.
^Above is how interest rates are "supposed" to work.
8/ The raising interest rate portion of this theory has been getting harder and harder since the 1970's due to increasing levels of unproductive debt.
Yet in the new system this unproductive debt is not nearly as incentivized. Building a stronger base and anti-fragile economy.
9/ This code executes automatically keeping monetary policy in check and building an anti-fragile economy just like the anti-fragile DeFi we see today.
Although this may be many years away it makes me an optimist for our future.
10/ In the short-medium term, the implications of this could be quite fascinating:
Currently the US 10-year is yielding ~1.3% and US M2 money supply was growing at 8% a year pre-covid and 10-15% a year post covid.
11/ Alternatively you invest in Ethereum that is deflationary due to EIP-1559 and provides an interest rate of at a minimum 1.71% (see table) + fees generated on the network.
Your ETH based interest rate on a real basis is significantly better than that of US treasury bonds.
12/ This sort of system could act as a blackhole for capital as Ethereum would provide a significantly better real yield.
Although this may not seem realistic today it is where we are heading in my opinion and may not seem so crazy in 10-15 years time.
13/ Thanks for reading!
This is not financial advice; all opinions are my own and please do your own research.
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This thread will focus on some of the big issues relating to these protocols today:
Pricing, liquidity and capital efficiency – all of these are intertwined so I will do my best to break it down.
2/ Implied volatility (IV) represents the expected volatility of the underlying asset over the life of the option and is a main driver behind option pricing.
IV is influenced by supply and demand of the option thus can be difficult to determine without proper liquidity/volume.
3/ If a protocol were to use data from a centralized source like Deribit to determine pricing this can be expensive to update in real time on layer 1.
If you do not have proper pricing it is difficult to have liquidity as users won’t want to buy mispriced options.
1/ Algorithmic stable coins need *unique/exclusive* utility to work. Over the long term few users will take an incremental risk to use an algorithmic stable coin if they do not have an incentive to do so.
This is why so many algo stables on ETH have & are likely to fail.
2/ If you can either use xyz algo stable or USDT/USDC to interact with the same platform most users will opt for the centralized version.
There is no added benefit to use an algo stable just incremental risk to the end user especially if users don't care about decentralization.
3/ UST solves this by sourcing utility and demand unique to itself.
Any application using the Terra ecosystem uses UST, not providing a choice for a more centralized stable coin that can put the entire ecosystem at risk, this is the vision for a true and antifragile DeFi.
1/ Luna has the most interesting and potentially profitable value accrual out of all L1s.
When UST is created Luna is burned forcing prices up over time. UST is cryptos top algorithmic & decentralized stable coin. Algo stables have recently come under fire -🧵on Luna & UST.
2/ As a quick summary of the Luna/UST mechanics:
When demand for UST is increasing it causes a burning of Luna thus reducing the supply – bullish Luna.
When demand for UST is falling it causes the minting of Luna thus increasing supply – bearish Luna.
3/ If the mechanism between UST and Luna is working properly and demand is growing this can fuel burning of Luna and rapid price appreciation.
We saw this clearly when UST increased its market cap by $1.7bn from Feb-May and Luna ran from $1.94 and peaked at $22.
We believe Galaxy Digital is a diversified bet on the success of crypto.
Galaxy aims to encompass all facets of the digital asset market, providing various avenues of service & infrastructure for both retail and institutional clients.
2/@novogratz is the CEO, he has taken his experience from Goldman and Fortress to create an institutional bridge into crypto.
All stats in this thread are in USD and based on $GLXY Q1 2021 numbers.
Let's go through Galaxy's 5 main business lines!
3/ #1 Asset Management
Galaxy has ~$1.6bn AUM across BTC & ETH ETFs in Canada + private funds focusing on DeFi, Web 3, NFT’s, and Gaming.
Galaxy provides exposure beyond BTC and ETH, offering institutions a full range of products covering the entire crypto space.
@LidoFinance continues to impress me. The creation of liquid staking derivatives across top layer 1’s and dApps is a massive untapped market.
Recently a proposal for $SOL was passed and one for $AAVE is in the works!
2/ Since our last thread (40 days ago) ETH in Lido has increased from 250,000 to 460,000! Growing stETH by 75% in May alone.
If stETH were to grow at even 1/4th this pace (19% MoM) for the rest of the year, we would see ~1.3m stETH by December which is ~1.2% of all ETH.
3/ Currently there are proposals on AAVE and Maker to integrate stETH as collateral.
If integrated this would increase stETH flows significantly. Assuming the stETH/ETH peg can maintain itself then stETH is simply a better form of collateral.
2/ The Debt/GDP ratio in the US has skyrocketed to new all-time highs (~130%), the last time it at these levels was WW2. We peaked in 1946 and quickly de-levered.
This raises two questions 1) Why is Debt to GDP important? 2) How did de-lever so quickly last time?
3/ The Debt/GDP ratio is important as it shows the ability for the country issuing debt to pay it back. We have seen creditors get concerned about the US ability to pay its debts in real terms.
Looking back to 2014 when foreign central banks stopped buying US debt on net.