This systematic review and meta-analysis compares the efficacy and safety of low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets on glucose control, body weight loss, cardiovascular risk, and renal safety for type 2 diabetes management.
- "We found that treatment with LCDs achieved more effective improvements in glycemic and body weight control, as well as the concentrations of TG and HDL-C...
"...Our study proved that a more favourable effect of LCDs on HbA1c and TG levels could persist up to 1.5 years. The result of HDL-C concentration suggested a longer-term effectiveness of LCDs, which lasted for 2 years...
"...In terms of body weight loss, carbohydrate restriction more clearly improved this outcome in the short and medium terms up to 6–8 months, but the difference attenuated in 1–1.5 years and disappeared after 2 years...
"...However, there is no significant superiority of LCDs in improving TC and LDL-C levels, neither SBP nor DBP. In contrast to LFDs, LCDs had no statistical difference in serum creatinine."
Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Low-Carbohydrate Diets with Low-Fat Diets for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials (open access)
This study evaluated the association between nutrient patterns with body fat and regional adiposity in middle-aged black South African men and women.
- "the plant-driven nutrient pattern is the most commonly consumed in South Africa. It is characterised by high factor loadings of magnesium, phosphorus, plant protein, carbohydrates, iron, B-vitamins and fibre...
"...Although the plant driven nutrient pattern was not significantly associated with total or regional fatness in the combined sample of men and women, we show for the first time that this nutrient pattern was associated with higher abdominal SAT in women but not men."
This one suggests that the antithrombotic effect of weight loss is preserved in the postprandial state, irrespective of the weight loss intervention.
- "This is the first study exploring postprandial changes in FVII activation and thrombin formation as a potential harmful mechanism in individuals with obesity during weight loss."
- "The present study demonstrates a postprandial increase in FVIIa after high-fat meals during diet-induced weight loss and surgery-induced weight loss...
Here's one more that shows that HOMA-IR is associated with albuminuria and renal function impairment, this time in individuals living in Southeast China.
"Our study has three main findings...
"...First, an increase in the prevalence of albuminuria and renal function impairment was associated with an increase in the HOMA-IR quartile in all men and women age >45 years...
This one found higher leisure-time physical activity levels to be associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in Chinese retired adults, with the benefit threshold for CVD prevention equivalent to 3 to 5 times the world health organization (WHO) recommended minimum.
- The WHO recommends every adult to maintain a minimum of 150 min of moderate-intensity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity activity per week, which is equivalent to 7.5 weekly metabolic equivalent of task-hours ([MET]-hours/week) of physical activity.
- Compared with participants reporting LTPA less than the recommended minimum of 7.5 MET-hours/week, a lower risk was seen for those with 3 to 5 times the recommended minimum (22.5–37.5 MET-hours/week) with no additional benefit when exceeding 5 times the recommended minimum.
This one found that prolonged physiological and supraphysiological hyperinsulinemia can induce blunted acute insulin signaling, reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, transcriptomic changes, and affect genes in insulin signaling pathways.
- "We demonstrated that prolonged physiological and supraphysiological hyperinsulinemia induced a reduction of AKT and ERK signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake..."
- "Remarkably, while serum starvation partially reversed the effects of overnight hyperinsulinemia, much of the impaired acute insulin signaling and transcriptomic remodeling was sustained after 6 h of insulin withdrawal and serum starvation...
This one suggests that performing around 1800 MET-min/week (i.e. 64 min/day of moderate PA) is an effective method to prevent some major degenerative diseases that affect quality of life in a large part of the population over 50 years.
"American adults who perform at least 150 MET-min/week of PA presented reduced odds for sarcopenia, those who perform 150–1800 MET-min/week had reduced odds for osteoarthritis, and those who perform more than 1800 MET-min/week had reduced odds for osteoporosis...
"...It seems to be indicating that performing around 1800 MET-min/week (i.e. 64 min/day of moderate PA) is an effective method to prevent some diseases that affect quality of life in a large part of the population over 50 years."